{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403494327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203855","title":"A Framework for Subregion Ensemble Learning Mapping of Land Use/Land Cover at the Watershed Scale","display_name":"A Framework for Subregion Ensemble Learning Mapping of Land Use/Land Cover at the Watershed Scale","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403494327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203855"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16203855","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203855","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203855","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035789342","display_name":"Runxiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4296-6869"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20616075","display_name":"Qinghai Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03az1t892","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20616075"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Runxiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, People\u2019s Government of Qinghai Province & Beijing Normal University, Xining 810008, China","Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Land Surface Processes and Ecological Conservation (Ministry of Education), Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China","Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Geography and Environmental Process, College of Geographical Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, People\u2019s Government of Qinghai Province & Beijing Normal University, Xining 810008, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Land Surface Processes and Ecological Conservation (Ministry of Education), Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20616075"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Geography and Environmental Process, College of Geographical Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20616075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030977825","display_name":"Xiaohong Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8103-6624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20616075","display_name":"Qinghai Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03az1t892","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20616075"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohong Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, People\u2019s Government of Qinghai Province & Beijing Normal University, Xining 810008, China","Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Land Surface Processes and Ecological Conservation (Ministry of Education), Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China","Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Geography and Environmental Process, College of Geographical Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, People\u2019s Government of Qinghai Province & Beijing Normal University, Xining 810008, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Land Surface Processes and Ecological Conservation (Ministry of Education), Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20616075"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Geography and Environmental Process, College of Geographical Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20616075"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029626141","display_name":"Feifei Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2122-042X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20616075","display_name":"Qinghai Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03az1t892","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20616075"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feifei Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, People\u2019s Government of Qinghai Province & Beijing Normal University, Xining 810008, China","Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Land Surface Processes and Ecological Conservation (Ministry of Education), Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China","Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Geography and Environmental Process, College of Geographical Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, People\u2019s Government of Qinghai Province & Beijing Normal University, Xining 810008, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Land Surface Processes and Ecological Conservation (Ministry of Education), Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20616075"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Geography and Environmental Process, College of Geographical Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20616075"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030977825"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20616075","https://openalex.org/I25254941"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.131,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77314444,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"20","first_page":"3855","last_page":"3855"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.7434908151626587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watershed","display_name":"Watershed","score":0.716373085975647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5597927570343018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.5476807355880737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.46715444326400757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cover","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","score":0.4638044834136963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrology","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","score":0.3950350284576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3629114329814911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.2523045241832733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2389375865459442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.22767487168312073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.2006860077381134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-engineering","display_name":"Civil engineering","score":0.09616604447364807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.06128638982772827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","score":0.04725301265716553}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.7434908151626587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150547873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947851","display_name":"Watershed","level":2,"score":0.716373085975647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5597927570343018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.5476807355880737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.46715444326400757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4638044834136963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.3950350284576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3629114329814911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2523045241832733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2389375865459442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.22767487168312073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.2006860077381134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.09616604447364807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.06128638982772827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.04725301265716553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16203855","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203855","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3e7e9b06e49b45f89e2f3fa14ff6c2e0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3e7e9b06e49b45f89e2f3fa14ff6c2e0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 20, p 3855 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16203855","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203855","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1605688901","https://openalex.org/W1978034823","https://openalex.org/W1978617972","https://openalex.org/W1980547211","https://openalex.org/W1988790447","https://openalex.org/W1990653740","https://openalex.org/W2012950829","https://openalex.org/W2021524677","https://openalex.org/W2044465660","https://openalex.org/W2046113982","https://openalex.org/W2063623478","https://openalex.org/W2074894322","https://openalex.org/W2109445997","https://openalex.org/W2114635925","https://openalex.org/W2114828048","https://openalex.org/W2138973222","https://openalex.org/W2145862305","https://openalex.org/W2153820558","https://openalex.org/W2261059368","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2379659114","https://openalex.org/W2437953928","https://openalex.org/W2515306179","https://openalex.org/W2648242067","https://openalex.org/W2792055700","https://openalex.org/W2792826355","https://openalex.org/W2793927960","https://openalex.org/W2885696803","https://openalex.org/W2913586827","https://openalex.org/W2920560278","https://openalex.org/W2932298758","https://openalex.org/W2946670873","https://openalex.org/W2956041202","https://openalex.org/W2994256272","https://openalex.org/W2999964161","https://openalex.org/W3014372673","https://openalex.org/W3028081629","https://openalex.org/W3034892684","https://openalex.org/W3037968153","https://openalex.org/W3083319507","https://openalex.org/W3108730420","https://openalex.org/W3147179755","https://openalex.org/W3147841105","https://openalex.org/W3158568413","https://openalex.org/W3161960860","https://openalex.org/W3166869167","https://openalex.org/W3179974654","https://openalex.org/W3187037246","https://openalex.org/W4200531819","https://openalex.org/W4223520639","https://openalex.org/W4224217520","https://openalex.org/W4224988789","https://openalex.org/W4225013432","https://openalex.org/W4248820700","https://openalex.org/W4281643045","https://openalex.org/W4281933899","https://openalex.org/W4285803458","https://openalex.org/W4292977286","https://openalex.org/W4295864484","https://openalex.org/W4296100801","https://openalex.org/W4307291157","https://openalex.org/W4378906990","https://openalex.org/W4385422086","https://openalex.org/W4392872715","https://openalex.org/W4400580289","https://openalex.org/W7024202154"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4200084543","https://openalex.org/W3133615129","https://openalex.org/W2087854757","https://openalex.org/W2188959887","https://openalex.org/W2373152553","https://openalex.org/W2972049582","https://openalex.org/W4389201442","https://openalex.org/W2386169820","https://openalex.org/W604251607","https://openalex.org/W3170595163"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Land":[0],"use/land":[1],"cover":[2],"(LULC)":[3],"data":[4,115],"are":[5,116,147],"essential":[6],"for":[7,118,170,190],"Earth":[8],"science":[9],"research.":[10],"Due":[11],"to":[12,62],"the":[13,41,69,74,95,99,108,123,126,135,138,144,178],"high":[14],"fragmentation":[15],"and":[16,32,44,72,76,102,112,132,137,141,149,168,173],"heterogeneity":[17],"of":[18,78,143],"landscapes,":[19],"machine":[20],"learning-based":[21],"LULC":[22,45,65,171,192],"classification":[23,29,66,87,128,139],"frequently":[24],"emphasizes":[25],"results":[26],"such":[27],"as":[28,107],"accuracy,":[30],"efficiency,":[31],"variable":[33],"importance":[34],"analysis.":[35],"However,":[36],"this":[37,60,185],"approach":[38],"often":[39],"overlooks":[40],"intermediate":[42],"processes,":[43],"mapping":[46,172,193],"that":[47],"relies":[48],"on":[49],"a":[50,83],"single":[51],"classifier":[52],"typically":[53],"does":[54],"not":[55],"yield":[56],"satisfactory":[57],"results.":[58],"In":[59],"paper,":[61],"obtain":[63],"refined":[64],"products":[67],"at":[68,134],"watershed":[70],"scale":[71,129],"improve":[73],"accuracy":[75,140,167],"efficiency":[77,142,169],"watershed-scale":[79,161,191],"mapping,":[80],"we":[81],"propose":[82],"subregion":[84],"ensemble":[85,119,153,162],"learning":[86,120,154,163],"framework.":[88],"The":[89,159,181],"Huangshui":[90],"River":[91],"watershed,":[92,136],"located":[93],"in":[94,184],"transition":[96],"belts":[97],"between":[98],"Qinghai-Tibet":[100],"Plateau":[101],"Loess":[103],"Plateau,":[104],"is":[105,130],"chosen":[106],"case":[109],"study":[110,186],"area,":[111],"Sentinel-2A/B":[113],"multi-temporal":[114],"selected":[117],"classification.":[121],"Using":[122],"proposed":[124,160,183],"method,":[125],"block":[127],"analyzed":[131,150],"illustrated":[133],"new":[145,188],"method":[146,182],"compared":[148],"against":[151],"three":[152],"methods":[155],"using":[156],"several":[157],"variables.":[158],"framework":[164],"has":[165,174],"better":[166],"certain":[175],"advantages":[176],"over":[177],"other":[179],"methods.":[180],"provides":[187],"ideas":[189],"technology.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
