{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403428739","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203831","title":"Using UAV RGB Images for Assessing Tree Species Diversity in Elevation Gradient of Zao Mountains","display_name":"Using UAV RGB Images for Assessing Tree Species Diversity in Elevation Gradient of Zao Mountains","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403428739","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203831"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16203831","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203831","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203831","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050760520","display_name":"T. Tran","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112524849","display_name":"Yamagata University","ror":"https://ror.org/00xy44n04","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112524849"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thi Tran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka-shi 997-8555, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka-shi 997-8555, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112524849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003394513","display_name":"Maximo Larry Lopez Caceres","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9748-7120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112524849","display_name":"Yamagata University","ror":"https://ror.org/00xy44n04","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112524849"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maximo Lopez Caceres","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka-shi 997-8555, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka-shi 997-8555, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112524849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114277868","display_name":"Sergi Garcia i Riera","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112524849","display_name":"Yamagata University","ror":"https://ror.org/00xy44n04","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112524849"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sergi Riera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka-shi 997-8555, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka-shi 997-8555, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112524849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093745124","display_name":"Marco Conciatori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8254-0347"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124601658","display_name":"University of Parma","ror":"https://ror.org/02k7wn190","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124601658"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Conciatori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 181/a, 43124 Parma, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 181/a, 43124 Parma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124601658"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068186768","display_name":"Yoshiki Kuwabara","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112524849","display_name":"Yamagata University","ror":"https://ror.org/00xy44n04","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112524849"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoshiki Kuwabara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka-shi 997-8555, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka-shi 997-8555, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112524849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083120413","display_name":"Ching\u2010Ying Tsou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3848-8809"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146516829","display_name":"Hirosaki University","ror":"https://ror.org/02syg0q74","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146516829"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ching-Ying Tsou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146516829"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021286366","display_name":"Yago D\u00edez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4521-9113"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112524849","display_name":"Yamagata University","ror":"https://ror.org/00xy44n04","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112524849"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yago Diez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata-shi 990-8560, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata-shi 990-8560, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112524849"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021286366"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112524849"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.4279,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82524571,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"20","first_page":"3831","last_page":"3831"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elevation","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","score":0.7364763021469116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5895206928253174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.4301599860191345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3915947675704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.35450509190559387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.334591805934906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3240770399570465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12150901556015015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.0621892511844635}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.7364763021469116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5895206928253174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.4301599860191345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3915947675704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.35450509190559387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.334591805934906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3240770399570465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12150901556015015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0621892511844635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16203831","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203831","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9b24e62ce5f84a839975f62cf8639c50","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9b24e62ce5f84a839975f62cf8639c50","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 20, p 3831 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16203831","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203831","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6700000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1602393244","https://openalex.org/W1964548552","https://openalex.org/W1974073742","https://openalex.org/W1993506734","https://openalex.org/W1998482852","https://openalex.org/W2001305674","https://openalex.org/W2006970177","https://openalex.org/W2007844036","https://openalex.org/W2016428929","https://openalex.org/W2018732570","https://openalex.org/W2034841998","https://openalex.org/W2059682502","https://openalex.org/W2064403203","https://openalex.org/W2064867254","https://openalex.org/W2085514490","https://openalex.org/W2095928110","https://openalex.org/W2108506046","https://openalex.org/W2160917851","https://openalex.org/W2168173443","https://openalex.org/W2188258437","https://openalex.org/W2505345911","https://openalex.org/W2523124406","https://openalex.org/W2623504797","https://openalex.org/W2726744217","https://openalex.org/W2763287719","https://openalex.org/W2766162545","https://openalex.org/W2791852688","https://openalex.org/W2808451598","https://openalex.org/W2810237059","https://openalex.org/W2885989656","https://openalex.org/W2908054720","https://openalex.org/W2945106125","https://openalex.org/W3027651441","https://openalex.org/W3113238254","https://openalex.org/W3121264466","https://openalex.org/W3121749275","https://openalex.org/W3127011773","https://openalex.org/W3134180846","https://openalex.org/W3157151862","https://openalex.org/W3177572445","https://openalex.org/W3191094312","https://openalex.org/W3205571566","https://openalex.org/W4210633235","https://openalex.org/W4232389522","https://openalex.org/W4361011512","https://openalex.org/W4376134448","https://openalex.org/W4386913365","https://openalex.org/W4387019764","https://openalex.org/W4390686654","https://openalex.org/W6666815748","https://openalex.org/W6752956743","https://openalex.org/W6762350112","https://openalex.org/W6802796882"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2324615561","https://openalex.org/W2086120259","https://openalex.org/W2245170124","https://openalex.org/W2076393078","https://openalex.org/W3186982001","https://openalex.org/W1984402782","https://openalex.org/W2137941439","https://openalex.org/W2004200960","https://openalex.org/W1999891779","https://openalex.org/W2029513011"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vegetation":[0,330],"biodiversity":[1],"in":[2,23,31,34,53,145,291,326,369],"mountainous":[3,292],"regions":[4],"is":[5,247,258],"controlled":[6,351],"by":[7,59,266,352],"altitudinal":[8,49,150,236],"gradients":[9],"and":[10,20,71,81,101,121,130,188,229,252,283,300,321,368,376],"their":[11,82,173,353,359],"corresponding":[12],"microclimate.":[13],"Higher":[14],"temperatures,":[15],"shorter":[16],"snow":[17],"cover":[18],"periods,":[19],"high":[21,192,239,262],"variability":[22,144],"the":[24,38,54,68,72,85,115,126,149,178,243,253,275,327],"precipitation":[25],"regime":[26],"might":[27],"lead":[28],"to":[29,77,107,157],"changes":[30],"vegetation":[32,45,79,289,345,365],"distribution":[33,46,290],"mountains":[35],"all":[36],"over":[37],"world.":[39],"In":[40,75,181],"this":[41],"study,":[42],"we":[43],"evaluate":[44],"along":[47,84,148],"an":[48,232],"gradient":[50],"(1334\u20131667":[51],"m.a.s.l.)":[52],"Zao":[55],"Mountains,":[56],"northeastern":[57],"Japan,":[58],"means":[60],"of":[61,117,124,128,160,163,235,255,261],"alpha":[62],"diversity":[63,218,296,331],"indices,":[64],"including":[65],"species":[66,80,123,146,167,184,217,279,295],"richness,":[67],"Shannon":[69],"index,":[70],"Simpson":[73],"index.":[74],"order":[76],"assess":[78],"characteristics":[83],"mountain":[86],"slope":[87],"selected,":[88],"fourteen":[89],"50":[90,93],"m":[91,94],"\u00d7":[92],"plots":[95],"were":[96,132],"selected":[97],"at":[98,315,319,323,347],"different":[99,348],"altitudes":[100,240,349],"scanned":[102],"with":[103,134,204,216,340,373],"RGB":[104],"cameras":[105],"attached":[106],"Unmanned":[108],"Aerial":[109],"Vehicles":[110],"(UAVs).":[111],"Image":[112],"analysis":[113],"revealed":[114],"presence":[116,254],"12":[118,164],"dominant":[119],"tree":[120,209],"shrub":[122,183],"which":[125,211],"number":[127],"individuals":[129],"heights":[131],"validated":[133],"fieldwork":[135],"ground":[136],"truth":[137],"data.":[138],"The":[139],"results":[140,273],"showed":[141,358],"a":[142,161,213,267,307,336,344,370],"significant":[143,360],"richness":[147,153],"gradient.":[151],"Species":[152,220],"ranged":[154],"from":[155],"7":[156],"11":[158],"out":[159],"total":[162],"species.":[165],"Notably,":[166],"such":[168,221],"as":[169,222,350],"Fagus":[170],"crenata,":[171,224],"despite":[172],"low":[174,304,374,377],"individual":[175,193],"numbers,":[176],"dominated":[177],"canopy":[179,198,205,281],"area.":[180,329],"contrast,":[182],"like":[185],"Quercus":[186],"crispula":[187],"Acer":[189],"tschonoskii":[190],"had":[191],"numbers":[194],"but":[195,342],"covered":[196],"smaller":[197],"areas.":[199],"Tree":[200],"height":[201,246],"correlated":[202],"well":[203],"areas,":[206],"both":[207],"representing":[208],"size,":[210],"has":[212],"strong":[214],"relationship":[215],"indices.":[219],"F.":[223],"Q.":[225],"crispula,":[226],"Cornus":[227],"controversa,":[228],"others":[230],"have":[231],"established":[233],"range":[234],"distribution.":[237],"At":[238],"(1524\u20131653":[241],"m),":[242],"average":[244],"shrubs\u2019":[245],"less":[248],"than":[249],"4":[250],"m,":[251],"Abies":[256],"mariesii":[257],"negligible":[259],"because":[260],"mortality":[263],"rates":[264],"caused":[265],"severe":[268],"bark":[269],"beetle":[270],"attack.":[271],"These":[272],"highlight":[274],"complex":[276],"interactions":[277],"between":[278],"abundance,":[280],"area,":[282],"altitude,":[284],"providing":[285],"valuable":[286],"insights":[287],"into":[288],"regions.":[293],"However,":[294],"indices":[297,312,332],"vary":[298],"slightly":[299],"show":[301,335],"some":[302],"unusually":[303],"values":[305],"without":[306],"clear":[308,337],"pattern.":[309],"Overall,":[310],"these":[311],"are":[313],"higher":[314,324],"lower":[316],"altitudes,":[317],"peak":[318],"mid-elevations,":[320],"decrease":[322],"elevations":[325],"study":[328],"did":[333],"not":[334],"downward":[338],"trend":[339],"altitude":[341],"depicted":[343],"composition":[346],"surrounding":[354],"environment.":[355],"Finally,":[356],"UAVs":[357],"potential":[361],"for":[362],"conducting":[363],"large-scale":[364],"surveys":[366],"reliably":[367],"short":[371],"time,":[372],"costs":[375],"manpower.":[378]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}