{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403336776","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203777","title":"See the Unseen: Grid-Wise Drivable Area Detection Dataset and Network Using LiDAR","display_name":"See the Unseen: Grid-Wise Drivable Area Detection Dataset and Network Using LiDAR","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403336776","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203777"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16203777","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203777","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/20/3777/pdf?version=1728648327","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/20/3777/pdf?version=1728648327","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107508894","display_name":"Christofel Rio Goenawan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christofel Rio Goenawan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robotics Program, KAIST, Dae-jeon 34141, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robotics Program, KAIST, Dae-jeon 34141, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007043388","display_name":"Dong-Hee Paek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0008-3726"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong-Hee Paek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Mobility, KAIST, Dae-jeon 34141, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Mobility, KAIST, Dae-jeon 34141, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073091471","display_name":"Seung-Hyun Kong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4753-1998"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Seung-Hyun Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Mobility, KAIST, Dae-jeon 34141, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Mobility, KAIST, Dae-jeon 34141, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073091471"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.2532,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54278209,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"20","first_page":"3777","last_page":"3777"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.7692649364471436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.610769510269165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5488543510437012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.492088258266449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3375915586948395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.23027998208999634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.1060824990272522}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.7692649364471436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.610769510269165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5488543510437012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.492088258266449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3375915586948395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.23027998208999634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.1060824990272522}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16203777","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203777","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/20/3777/pdf?version=1728648327","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:980c3e12d48a42cdbbc380b31d3e03c3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/980c3e12d48a42cdbbc380b31d3e03c3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 20, p 3777 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16203777","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203777","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/20/3777/pdf?version=1728648327","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7300000190734863}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3034753964","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3071639259","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021R1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G342704958","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"funded","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8620336877","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021R1A2C3008370","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403336776.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403336776.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W2037333893","https://openalex.org/W2118545852","https://openalex.org/W2131396337","https://openalex.org/W2133026742","https://openalex.org/W2138361487","https://openalex.org/W2138534490","https://openalex.org/W2216863212","https://openalex.org/W2560023338","https://openalex.org/W2592939477","https://openalex.org/W2596750703","https://openalex.org/W2914821954","https://openalex.org/W2955058313","https://openalex.org/W2955189650","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963400571","https://openalex.org/W2963418739","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2968296999","https://openalex.org/W3082486589","https://openalex.org/W3091481194","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3179351458","https://openalex.org/W3210544551","https://openalex.org/W4230559680","https://openalex.org/W4283821629","https://openalex.org/W4292829054","https://openalex.org/W4308450151","https://openalex.org/W4312173017","https://openalex.org/W4312960790","https://openalex.org/W4386071987","https://openalex.org/W4388206698","https://openalex.org/W4393149081","https://openalex.org/W4394625866","https://openalex.org/W4400647741","https://openalex.org/W4402299924","https://openalex.org/W4402753729","https://openalex.org/W4403160743","https://openalex.org/W6838633692","https://openalex.org/W6862370487"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2956374172","https://openalex.org/W2351984678","https://openalex.org/W2140032575","https://openalex.org/W2011860471","https://openalex.org/W2012196540","https://openalex.org/W3011451421"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Drivable":[0],"Area":[1],"(DA)":[2],"detection":[3,73,99,170],"is":[4],"crucial":[5],"for":[6,175],"autonomous":[7],"driving.":[8],"Camera-based":[9],"methods":[10,26,41],"rely":[11],"heavily":[12],"on":[13,43,126],"illumination":[14,36],"conditions":[15],"and":[16,31,51,65,119,140,155,161,181],"often":[17],"fail":[18],"to":[19,35,49,59],"capture":[20],"accurate":[21,28],"3D":[22,29],"information,":[23],"while":[24],"LiDAR-based":[25,40],"offer":[27],"data":[30],"are":[32,47,185],"less":[33],"susceptible":[34],"conditions.":[37],"However,":[38],"existing":[39],"focus":[42],"point-wise":[44],"detection,":[45],"so":[46],"prone":[48],"occlusion":[50],"limited":[52],"by":[53,158],"point":[54],"cloud":[55],"sparsity,":[56],"which":[57],"leads":[58],"decreased":[60],"performance":[61],"in":[62,122,153],"motion":[63],"planning":[64],"localization.":[66],"We":[67,91,145],"propose":[68],"Argoverse-grid,":[69,176],"a":[70,95],"grid-wise":[71,97,124],"DA":[72,86,98,125,169],"dataset":[74],"derived":[75],"from":[76],"Argoverse":[77],"1,":[78],"comprising":[79],"over":[80,113],"20K":[81],"frames":[82],"with":[83,135],"fine-grained":[84],"BEV":[85],"labels":[87],"across":[88],"various":[89,114],"scenarios.":[90],"also":[92],"introduce":[93],"Grid-DATrNet,":[94],"first":[96],"model":[100],"utilizing":[101],"global":[102,165],"attention":[103],"through":[104,164],"transformers.":[105],"Our":[106],"experiments":[107],"demonstrate":[108],"the":[109,127],"superiority":[110],"of":[111,138,143],"Grid-DATrNet":[112,131,148,179],"methods,":[115],"including":[116],"both":[117],"LiDAR":[118],"camera-based":[120],"approaches,":[121],"detecting":[123],"proposed":[128],"Argoverse-grid":[129],"dataset.":[130],"achieves":[132],"state-of-the-art":[133],"results":[134],"an":[136,141],"accuracy":[137],"93.28%":[139],"F1-score":[142],"0.8328.":[144],"show":[146],"that":[147],"can":[149],"detect":[150],"grids":[151],"even":[152],"occluded":[154],"unmeasured":[156],"areas":[157],"leveraging":[159],"contextual":[160],"semantic":[162],"information":[163],"attention,":[166],"unlike":[167],"CNN-based":[168],"methods.":[171],"The":[172],"preprocessing":[173],"code":[174,184],"experiment":[177],"code,":[178],"implementation,":[180],"result":[182],"visualization":[183],"available":[186],"at":[187],"AVE":[188],"Laboratory":[189],"official":[190],"git":[191],"hub.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-22T08:09:32.410652","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
