{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402991826","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16193623","title":"Change in Fractional Vegetation Cover and Its Prediction during the Growing Season Based on Machine Learning in Southwest China","display_name":"Change in Fractional Vegetation Cover and Its Prediction during the Growing Season Based on Machine Learning in Southwest China","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402991826","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16193623"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16193623","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16193623","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/19/3623/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/19/3623/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035810336","display_name":"Xiehui Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141301092","display_name":"China Meteorological Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/00bx3rb98","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24201400","display_name":"Chengdu University of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yxwrh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiehui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province, Key Open Laboratory of Arid Climate Change and Disaster Reducing of CMA, Lanzhou Institute of Arid Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China","School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China","Yunnan R&D Institute of Natural Disaster, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Kunming 650034, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province, Key Open Laboratory of Arid Climate Change and Disaster Reducing of CMA, Lanzhou Institute of Arid Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yunnan R&D Institute of Natural Disaster, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Kunming 650034, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100364325","display_name":"Yuting Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9875-0741"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24201400","display_name":"Chengdu University of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yxwrh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137516","display_name":"Beijing Meteorological Bureau","ror":"https://ror.org/03wd9vk87","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137516"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuting Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China","Yunyang County Meteorological Bureau, Chongqing 404500, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yunyang County Meteorological Bureau, Chongqing 404500, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137516"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101892287","display_name":"Lei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9254-0728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24201400","display_name":"Chengdu University of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yxwrh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035810336"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141301092","https://openalex.org/I24201400"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":4.1187,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93820636,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"19","first_page":"3623","last_page":"3623"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9462000131607056,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.6763725876808167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cover","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","score":0.5791128873825073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation-cover","display_name":"Vegetation cover","score":0.5296862721443176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.42535462975502014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.4122812747955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-geography","display_name":"Physical geography","score":0.4029366672039032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.2261224389076233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-engineering","display_name":"Civil engineering","score":0.10769537091255188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0918634831905365}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.6763725876808167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.5791128873825073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983732647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187997","display_name":"Vegetation cover","level":3,"score":0.5296862721443176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.42535462975502014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.4122812747955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.4029366672039032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2261224389076233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.10769537091255188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0918634831905365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16193623","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16193623","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/19/3623/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:88603a729bed4500849af2da9ed0c27a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/88603a729bed4500849af2da9ed0c27a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 19, p 3623 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16193623","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16193623","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/19/3623/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321569","display_name":"China Meteorological Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/00bx3rb98"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325440","display_name":"Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Department","ror":"https://ror.org/03whqdf70"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402991826.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W75231382","https://openalex.org/W1605688901","https://openalex.org/W1977978056","https://openalex.org/W2069358120","https://openalex.org/W2072557973","https://openalex.org/W2095498622","https://openalex.org/W2211764928","https://openalex.org/W2357072793","https://openalex.org/W2478414316","https://openalex.org/W2572225597","https://openalex.org/W2782554911","https://openalex.org/W2796263843","https://openalex.org/W2800157783","https://openalex.org/W2800412543","https://openalex.org/W2810162493","https://openalex.org/W2854007112","https://openalex.org/W2921382445","https://openalex.org/W2988632115","https://openalex.org/W2995363336","https://openalex.org/W2997373905","https://openalex.org/W2998570871","https://openalex.org/W3004104397","https://openalex.org/W3006080582","https://openalex.org/W3018967649","https://openalex.org/W3034829849","https://openalex.org/W3043043722","https://openalex.org/W3079760979","https://openalex.org/W3085891935","https://openalex.org/W3093496738","https://openalex.org/W3135515566","https://openalex.org/W3154045569","https://openalex.org/W3169515769","https://openalex.org/W3172339486","https://openalex.org/W3199557348","https://openalex.org/W3203937552","https://openalex.org/W4205796484","https://openalex.org/W4205917575","https://openalex.org/W4210444576","https://openalex.org/W4293062110","https://openalex.org/W4297175462","https://openalex.org/W4324145528","https://openalex.org/W4377137340","https://openalex.org/W4378515691","https://openalex.org/W4382706172","https://openalex.org/W4384930752","https://openalex.org/W4385075436","https://openalex.org/W4385336938","https://openalex.org/W4386838287","https://openalex.org/W4387407943","https://openalex.org/W4387455323","https://openalex.org/W4387847697","https://openalex.org/W4389190190","https://openalex.org/W4390756359","https://openalex.org/W4391277460","https://openalex.org/W4392515296","https://openalex.org/W4393938082","https://openalex.org/W4395031391","https://openalex.org/W4399360035","https://openalex.org/W6853056469","https://openalex.org/W6864096270","https://openalex.org/W6921321836","https://openalex.org/W6921449895","https://openalex.org/W6977992656"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2077733175","https://openalex.org/W2278064442","https://openalex.org/W1936970554","https://openalex.org/W2361335621","https://openalex.org/W2539549278","https://openalex.org/W2374591366","https://openalex.org/W2381447675","https://openalex.org/W1966239665","https://openalex.org/W2353405738","https://openalex.org/W2736975153"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fractional":[0],"vegetation":[1,48,316,339],"cover":[2,317,340],"(FVC)":[3],"is":[4,38],"a":[5,99,161],"crucial":[6],"indicator":[7],"for":[8,198,311,333,338],"measuring":[9],"the":[10,54,117,120,138,150,153,173,199,207,214,221,225,234,244,249,259,266,276,283,296,315],"growth":[11],"of":[12,19,57,119,176,183,303],"surface":[13,290],"vegetation.":[14,328],"The":[15,134,190,236,261,301],"changes":[16],"and":[17,27,29,33,46,94,130,164,178,188,217,228,246,309,313,326,341],"predictions":[18],"FVC":[20,58,69,109,140,154,171,180,251,281],"significantly":[21],"impact":[22],"biodiversity":[23],"conservation,":[24],"ecosystem":[25],"health":[26],"stability,":[28],"climate":[30,44,299,324],"change":[31,239],"response":[32],"prediction.":[34],"Southwest":[35],"China":[36],"(SWC)":[37],"characterized":[39],"by":[40],"complex":[41,321],"topography,":[42,322],"diverse":[43,323],"types,":[45,325],"rich":[47,327],"types.":[49],"This":[50],"study":[51,305],"first":[52],"analyzed":[53],"spatiotemporal":[55],"variation":[56],"at":[59],"various":[60],"timescales":[61],"in":[62,110,141,157,172,181,224,318],"SWC":[63,111,142,158],"from":[64,72,112,145,195,265],"2000":[65,113,146],"to":[66,106,114,147,258],"2020":[67],"using":[68,127],"values":[70,252],"derived":[71],"pixel":[73],"dichotomy":[74],"model.":[75],"Next,":[76],"we":[77],"constructed":[78],"four":[79,200],"machine":[80,85],"learning":[81],"models\u2014light":[82],"gradient":[83],"boosting":[84],"(LightGBM),":[86],"support":[87],"vector":[88],"regression":[89,96],"(SVR),":[90],"k-nearest":[91],"neighbor":[92],"(KNN),":[93],"ridge":[95],"(RR)\u2014along":[97],"with":[98,168,231,243,320],"weighted":[100],"average":[101],"heterogeneous":[102],"ensemble":[103],"model":[104,268,273],"(WAHEM)":[105],"predict":[107],"growing-season":[108],"2023.":[115],"Finally,":[116],"performance":[118,132],"different":[121,343],"ML":[122,201,344],"models":[123,202,219],"was":[124,295],"comprehensively":[125],"evaluated":[126],"tenfold":[128,196],"cross-validation":[129,197],"multiple":[131],"metrics.":[133],"results":[135,302],"indicated":[136,203,269],"that":[137,204,270],"overall":[139,223],"predominantly":[143],"increased":[144],"2020.":[148],"Over":[149],"21":[151],"years,":[152],"spatial":[155,238],"distribution":[156],"generally":[159],"showed":[160],"high":[162],"east":[163],"low":[165,170],"west":[166],"pattern,":[167],"extremely":[169],"western":[174],"plateau":[175],"Tibet":[177],"higher":[179,255],"parts":[182],"eastern":[184],"Sichuan,":[185],"Chongqing,":[186],"Guizhou,":[187],"Yunnan.":[189],"determination":[191],"coefficient":[192],"R2":[193],"scores":[194,264],"LightGBM":[205,218,267],"had":[206,213,275],"strongest":[208],"predictive":[209],"ability":[210],"whereas":[211],"RR":[212,232],"weakest.":[215],"WAHEM":[216],"performed":[220],"best":[222],"training,":[226],"validation,":[227],"test":[229],"sets,":[230],"performing":[233],"worst.":[235],"predicted":[237,250],"trends":[240],"were":[241,253],"consistent":[242],"MODIS-MOD13A3-FVC":[245],"FY3D-MERSI-FVC,":[247],"although":[248],"slightly":[254],"but":[256],"closer":[257],"MODIS-MOD13A3-FVC.":[260],"feature":[262],"importance":[263],"digital":[271],"elevation":[272],"(DEM)":[274],"most":[277,297],"significant":[278],"influence":[279],"on":[280],"among":[282],"six":[284],"input":[285],"features.":[286],"In":[287],"contrast,":[288],"soil":[289],"water":[291],"retention":[292],"capacity":[293],"(SSWRC)":[294],"influential":[298],"factor.":[300],"this":[304],"provided":[306],"valuable":[307],"insights":[308],"references":[310],"monitoring":[312],"predicting":[314],"regions":[319],"Additionally,":[329],"they":[330],"offered":[331],"guidance":[332],"selecting":[334],"remote":[335],"sensing":[336],"products":[337],"optimizing":[342],"models.":[345]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-15T08:11:43.952461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
