{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402376092","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173319","title":"Multi-Scale Classification and Contrastive Regularization: Weakly Supervised Large-Scale 3D Point Cloud Semantic Segmentation","display_name":"Multi-Scale Classification and Contrastive Regularization: Weakly Supervised Large-Scale 3D Point Cloud Semantic Segmentation","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402376092","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173319"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16173319","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173319","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/17/3319/pdf?version=1725698808","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/17/3319/pdf?version=1725698808","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065621654","display_name":"Jingyi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6010-1810"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingyi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109895702","display_name":"Jingyang He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2904-4319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingyang He","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022072267","display_name":"Yu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9702-349X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042912960","display_name":"Chen Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7001-1624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100770607","display_name":"Maojun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6748-0545"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maojun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025498111","display_name":"Hanlin Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8470-263X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hanlin Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025498111"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.5014,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79710401,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"17","first_page":"3319","last_page":"3319"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.6118388772010803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5859218835830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5372002124786377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.5249183773994446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5103666186332703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4338071942329407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.37493306398391724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3613632321357727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.09963753819465637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.0940079391002655}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.6118388772010803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5859218835830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5372002124786377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5249183773994446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5103666186332703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4338071942329407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.37493306398391724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3613632321357727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.09963753819465637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0940079391002655}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16173319","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173319","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/17/3319/pdf?version=1725698808","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cd848eb1115849bebb053210db02622b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cd848eb1115849bebb053210db02622b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 17, p 3319 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16173319","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173319","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/17/3319/pdf?version=1725698808","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402376092.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2460657278","https://openalex.org/W2795014656","https://openalex.org/W2889895098","https://openalex.org/W2938428612","https://openalex.org/W2950642167","https://openalex.org/W2963121255","https://openalex.org/W2963125977","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963182550","https://openalex.org/W2963231572","https://openalex.org/W2963281829","https://openalex.org/W2965803762","https://openalex.org/W2971726345","https://openalex.org/W2982320780","https://openalex.org/W2985812748","https://openalex.org/W2996695408","https://openalex.org/W3012494314","https://openalex.org/W3025468529","https://openalex.org/W3034930876","https://openalex.org/W3035426492","https://openalex.org/W3035739565","https://openalex.org/W3105077954","https://openalex.org/W3110503160","https://openalex.org/W3116959466","https://openalex.org/W3117839341","https://openalex.org/W3148215308","https://openalex.org/W3153635465","https://openalex.org/W3166573884","https://openalex.org/W3169120894","https://openalex.org/W3177450673","https://openalex.org/W3202541643","https://openalex.org/W3203089644","https://openalex.org/W3203495808","https://openalex.org/W4205419321","https://openalex.org/W4285197168","https://openalex.org/W4312259052","https://openalex.org/W4312403179","https://openalex.org/W4312788649","https://openalex.org/W4313145913","https://openalex.org/W4313169553","https://openalex.org/W4319300695","https://openalex.org/W4378697003","https://openalex.org/W4386083124","https://openalex.org/W4387925307","https://openalex.org/W4388223553","https://openalex.org/W4390824585","https://openalex.org/W4390873215","https://openalex.org/W4393074218","https://openalex.org/W4401415279","https://openalex.org/W4402769208","https://openalex.org/W6739778489"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3016928466","https://openalex.org/W4389574804","https://openalex.org/W2936725271","https://openalex.org/W3150655618","https://openalex.org/W3108295644","https://openalex.org/W1578717197","https://openalex.org/W2626737336","https://openalex.org/W2005998065","https://openalex.org/W4399442168","https://openalex.org/W2114282491"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,9,17,37,79,85,97,106,110,120,169],"proliferation":[2],"of":[3,12,19,88],"large-scale":[4,64,179,194],"3D":[5,65],"point":[6,91,155],"cloud":[7,156],"datasets,":[8,180],"high":[10],"cost":[11],"per-point":[13],"annotation":[14],"has":[15],"spurred":[16],"development":[18],"weakly":[20,142],"supervised":[21],"semantic":[22,60,160],"segmentation":[23,61],"methods.":[24],"Current":[25],"popular":[26,178],"research":[27],"mainly":[28],"focuses":[29],"on":[30,93,176,193,208],"single-scale":[31],"classification,":[32],"which":[33],"fails":[34],"to":[35,78,108,136,153,167],"address":[36],"significant":[38],"feature":[39],"scale":[40],"differences":[41],"between":[42],"background":[43],"and":[44,55,74,96,112,116,141,149,158,162,183],"objects":[45],"in":[46,172],"large":[47],"scenes.":[48],"Therefore,":[49],"we":[50],"propose":[51],"MCCR":[52,70,117,129],"(Multi-scale":[53],"Classification":[54],"Contrastive":[56],"Regularization),":[57],"an":[58],"end-to-end":[59],"framework":[62],"for":[63,202],"scenes":[66],"under":[67],"weak":[68],"supervision.":[69],"first":[71],"aggregates":[72],"features":[73,87,95,101,140],"applies":[75],"random":[76,90],"downsampling":[77],"input":[80,98],"data.":[81],"Then,":[82],"it":[83],"captures":[84],"local":[86,150,159],"a":[89,164],"based":[92],"multi-layer":[94],"coordinates.":[99],"These":[100],"are":[102],"then":[103],"fed":[104],"into":[105],"network":[107],"obtain":[109],"initial":[111],"final":[113],"prediction":[114],"results,":[115],"iteratively":[118],"trains":[119],"model":[121,188],"using":[122],"strategies":[123],"such":[124],"as":[125],"contrastive":[126,134,151],"learning.":[127],"Notably,":[128],"combines":[130],"multi-scale":[131,139],"classification":[132],"with":[133,197],"regularization":[135,152],"fully":[137],"exploit":[138],"labeled":[143,200],"information.":[144],"We":[145],"investigate":[146],"both":[147],"point-level":[148],"leverage":[154],"augmentor":[157],"information":[161],"introduce":[163],"Decoupling":[165],"Layer":[166],"guide":[168],"loss":[170],"optimization":[171],"different":[173],"spaces.":[174],"Results":[175],"three":[177],"S3DIS,":[181],"SemanticKITTI":[182],"SensatUrban,":[184],"demonstrate":[185],"that":[186],"our":[187],"achieves":[189],"state-of-the-art":[190],"(SOTA)":[191],"performance":[192,207],"outdoor":[195],"datasets":[196],"only":[198],"0.1%":[199],"points":[201],"supervision,":[203],"while":[204],"maintaining":[205],"strong":[206],"indoor":[209],"datasets.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}