{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402191143","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173270","title":"Improving GNSS-IR Sea Surface Height Accuracy Based on a New Ionospheric Stratified Elevation Angle Correction Model","display_name":"Improving GNSS-IR Sea Surface Height Accuracy Based on a New Ionospheric Stratified Elevation Angle Correction Model","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402191143","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173270"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16173270","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173270","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/17/3270/pdf?version=1725359706","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/17/3270/pdf?version=1725359706","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114220274","display_name":"Jiadi Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166499","display_name":"Henan Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vr1c885","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiadi Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028754795","display_name":"Wei Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6890-7720"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176808543","display_name":"Liaoning Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01n2bd587","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166499","display_name":"Henan Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vr1c885","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wei Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, China","School of Geomatics, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China","School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geomatics, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030678010","display_name":"Yifan Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0342-2028"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176808543","display_name":"Liaoning Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01n2bd587","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifan Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geomatics, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geomatics, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103090457","display_name":"Keke Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0300-5179"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166499","display_name":"Henan Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vr1c885","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keke Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107005260","display_name":"Hebing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4799-8124"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166499","display_name":"Henan Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vr1c885","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hebing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028754795"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176808543","https://openalex.org/I204983213","https://openalex.org/I4210166499"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.1866,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47783961,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"17","first_page":"3270","last_page":"3270"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.7679392695426941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.6554369926452637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elevation","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","score":0.6259044408798218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6211217641830444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/altimeter","display_name":"Altimeter","score":0.5518555641174316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tide-gauge","display_name":"Tide gauge","score":0.507276713848114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.50156569480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-surface-height","display_name":"Sea-surface height","score":0.4959286153316498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.49060025811195374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-level","display_name":"Sea level","score":0.370154470205307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3643920421600342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.07723245024681091}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.7679392695426941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.6554369926452637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.6259044408798218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6211217641830444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17534553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216197","display_name":"Altimeter","level":2,"score":0.5518555641174316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136856113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q686697","display_name":"Tide gauge","level":3,"score":0.507276713848114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.50156569480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142672198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7076157","display_name":"Sea-surface height","level":3,"score":0.4959286153316498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.49060025811195374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74501621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125465","display_name":"Sea level","level":2,"score":0.370154470205307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3643920421600342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.07723245024681091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16173270","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173270","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/17/3270/pdf?version=1725359706","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3d8b392fc17c46dba3d4ef4b257fa090","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3d8b392fc17c46dba3d4ef4b257fa090","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 17, p 3270 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16173270","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173270","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/17/3270/pdf?version=1725359706","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.6800000071525574,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1946053005","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42274119","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4875515450","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"T2024-3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321954","funder_display_name":"Henan Polytechnic University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321940","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321954","display_name":"Henan Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vr1c885"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402191143.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402191143.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1641514922","https://openalex.org/W1676832643","https://openalex.org/W1840723247","https://openalex.org/W1987982779","https://openalex.org/W1996689350","https://openalex.org/W1997488673","https://openalex.org/W2012145075","https://openalex.org/W2032706259","https://openalex.org/W2035375336","https://openalex.org/W2039721961","https://openalex.org/W2054539972","https://openalex.org/W2072211848","https://openalex.org/W2081100897","https://openalex.org/W2092216403","https://openalex.org/W2102148524","https://openalex.org/W2103598124","https://openalex.org/W2104461599","https://openalex.org/W2107580583","https://openalex.org/W2128284341","https://openalex.org/W2132062178","https://openalex.org/W2151441590","https://openalex.org/W2172215713","https://openalex.org/W2232192374","https://openalex.org/W2308425384","https://openalex.org/W2341891498","https://openalex.org/W2557405913","https://openalex.org/W2560477285","https://openalex.org/W2585699198","https://openalex.org/W2586180503","https://openalex.org/W2593051926","https://openalex.org/W2745135761","https://openalex.org/W2768657755","https://openalex.org/W2808348656","https://openalex.org/W2883166094","https://openalex.org/W3007047448","https://openalex.org/W3176144686","https://openalex.org/W3205100266","https://openalex.org/W4207008998","https://openalex.org/W4220679076","https://openalex.org/W4245369360","https://openalex.org/W4256146286","https://openalex.org/W4285147501","https://openalex.org/W4297238422","https://openalex.org/W4384929370","https://openalex.org/W4390776725","https://openalex.org/W4392351868","https://openalex.org/W4392935388","https://openalex.org/W4394966939","https://openalex.org/W4396214946","https://openalex.org/W4398226205","https://openalex.org/W4399206242","https://openalex.org/W6839460496","https://openalex.org/W6860580735","https://openalex.org/W6865640466","https://openalex.org/W7048345874"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3171330215","https://openalex.org/W4220758786","https://openalex.org/W4226408657","https://openalex.org/W2170012048","https://openalex.org/W4225566352","https://openalex.org/W958980429","https://openalex.org/W2177237934","https://openalex.org/W570302529","https://openalex.org/W2655394311","https://openalex.org/W2032680394"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Approximately":[0],"71%":[1],"of":[2,14,20,26,56,66,73,99,112,122,159,227,300],"the":[3,12,40,63,71,88,96,110,120,142,157,166,187,225,298],"Earth\u2019s":[4],"surface":[5,22,51,59,75,115,162,190,231,242,303,311],"is":[6,25,53,306],"covered":[7],"by":[8,87,140,164],"vast":[9],"oceans.":[10],"With":[11],"exacerbation":[13],"global":[15,31],"climate":[16],"change,":[17],"high-precision":[18],"monitoring":[19],"sea":[21,50,58,74,114,161,189,230,241,302,310],"height":[23,60,76,191,232,243,312],"variations":[24,77],"vital":[27],"importance":[28],"for":[29,308],"constructing":[30],"ocean":[32],"gravity":[33],"fields":[34],"and":[35,148,181,186,213,221,246,254,265,274],"preventing":[36],"natural":[37],"disasters":[38],"in":[39,95,229,272,278],"marine":[41],"system.":[42],"Global":[43],"Navigation":[44],"Satellite":[45],"System":[46],"Interferometry":[47],"Reflectometry":[48],"(GNSS-IR)":[49],"altimetry":[52,163],"a":[54,129,235,269,275],"method":[55],"inferring":[57],"based":[61],"on":[62,118,170],"signal-to-noise":[64],"ratio":[65],"satellite":[67,83,100,171],"signals.":[68],"It":[69],"enables":[70],"retrieval":[72,244,285],"with":[78,198,257,293],"high":[79],"precision.":[80],"However,":[81],"navigation":[82],"signals":[84],"are":[85,125],"influenced":[86],"ionosphere":[89],"during":[90],"propagation,":[91],"leading":[92],"to":[93,155,282],"deviations":[94],"measured":[97],"values":[98,192,200,256],"elevation":[101,133,172],"angles":[102],"from":[103,201],"their":[104],"true":[105],"values,":[106],"which":[107,305],"significantly":[108],"affects":[109],"accuracy":[111,158],"GNSS-IR":[113,160,284,301],"altimetry.":[116],"Based":[117],"this,":[119],"contents":[121],"this":[123],"paper":[124],"as":[126],"follows:":[127],"Firstly,":[128],"new":[130],"ionospheric":[131,167],"stratified":[132],"angle":[134],"correction":[135,248,292],"model":[136,153],"(ISEACM)":[137],"was":[138,238],"developed":[139],"integrating":[141],"International":[143],"Reference":[144],"Ionosphere":[145],"Model":[146],"(IRI)":[147],"ray":[149],"tracing":[150],"methods.":[151],"This":[152],"aims":[154],"improve":[156],"correcting":[165],"refraction":[168],"effects":[169],"angles.":[173],"Secondly,":[174],"four":[175],"GNSS":[176],"stations":[177],"(TAR0,":[178],"PTLD,":[179],"GOM1,":[180],"TPW2)":[182],"were":[183,196,218,262],"selected":[184],"globally,":[185],"corrected":[188],"obtained":[193],"using":[194,249],"ISEACM":[195,228,294],"compared":[197,281],"observed":[199],"tide":[202,258],"gauge":[203,259],"stations.":[204],"The":[205,251],"calculated":[206],"average":[207],"Root":[208],"Mean":[209],"Square":[210],"Error":[211],"(RMSE)":[212],"Pearson":[214],"Correlation":[215],"Coefficient":[216],"(PCC)":[217],"0.20":[219],"m":[220,264],"0.83,":[222],"respectively,":[223,267],"indicating":[224],"effectiveness":[226],"retrieval.":[233],"Thirdly,":[234],"comparative":[236],"analysis":[237],"conducted":[239],"between":[240],"before":[245],"after":[247],"ISEACM.":[250],"optimal":[252],"RMSE":[253,273],"PCC":[255],"station":[260],"observations":[261],"0.15":[263],"0.90,":[266],"representing":[268],"20.00%":[270],"improvement":[271,277],"4.00%":[276],"correlation":[279],"coefficient":[280],"traditional":[283],"heights.":[286],"These":[287],"experimental":[288],"results":[289],"demonstrate":[290],"that":[291],"can":[295],"effectively":[296],"enhance":[297],"precision":[299],"altimetry,":[304],"crucial":[307],"accurate":[309],"measurements.":[313]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}