{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401896928","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173122","title":"CO2 Emissions Associated with Groundwater Storage Depletion in South Korea: Estimation and Vulnerability Assessment Using Satellite Data and Data-Driven Models","display_name":"CO2 Emissions Associated with Groundwater Storage Depletion in South Korea: Estimation and Vulnerability Assessment Using Satellite Data and Data-Driven Models","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401896928","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173122"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16173122","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173122","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113470422","display_name":"Jae Young Seo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jae Young Seo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100457961","display_name":"Sang-Il Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6840-9027"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sang-Il Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100457961"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.3399,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62999103,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"17","first_page":"3122","last_page":"3122"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10398","display_name":"Groundwater and Isotope Geochemistry","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10398","display_name":"Groundwater and Isotope Geochemistry","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6608940958976746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.6452862620353699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.6201517581939697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.5041762590408325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability-assessment","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","score":0.48157429695129395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/groundwater","display_name":"Groundwater","score":0.44103533029556274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.43818360567092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-resource-management","display_name":"Water resource management","score":0.43012678623199463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.38117390871047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2857068181037903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12473869323730469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.12215864658355713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.08048000931739807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.074089914560318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0552523136138916}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6608940958976746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6452862620353699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.6201517581939697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.5041762590408325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167063184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400839","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","level":3,"score":0.48157429695129395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76177295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161598","display_name":"Groundwater","level":2,"score":0.44103533029556274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.43818360567092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524765639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501619","display_name":"Water resource management","level":1,"score":0.43012678623199463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.38117390871047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2857068181037903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12473869323730469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.12215864658355713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.08048000931739807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.074089914560318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0552523136138916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137176749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4105337","display_name":"Psychological resilience","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16173122","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:24d0efca54104488ab3e4b77bab180f7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/24d0efca54104488ab3e4b77bab180f7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 17, p 3122 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/16/17/3122/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16173122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16173122","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8199999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4792219274","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2022R1C1C2004417","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1551613911","https://openalex.org/W1588713494","https://openalex.org/W1588827410","https://openalex.org/W1650177443","https://openalex.org/W1661454190","https://openalex.org/W1778870018","https://openalex.org/W1921475444","https://openalex.org/W1930021590","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2000674771","https://openalex.org/W2018764772","https://openalex.org/W2033355897","https://openalex.org/W2061673563","https://openalex.org/W2119132330","https://openalex.org/W2506768821","https://openalex.org/W2523841373","https://openalex.org/W2605399913","https://openalex.org/W2735105177","https://openalex.org/W2768278504","https://openalex.org/W2782848563","https://openalex.org/W2793299497","https://openalex.org/W2898205374","https://openalex.org/W2967663220","https://openalex.org/W2993383518","https://openalex.org/W2998031487","https://openalex.org/W3017216107","https://openalex.org/W3019295470","https://openalex.org/W3041988265","https://openalex.org/W3046476263","https://openalex.org/W3118981418","https://openalex.org/W3131844366","https://openalex.org/W3135212385","https://openalex.org/W3175614361","https://openalex.org/W3197743718","https://openalex.org/W3201055424","https://openalex.org/W3217660750","https://openalex.org/W4200511911","https://openalex.org/W4210751415","https://openalex.org/W4220732246","https://openalex.org/W4233283252","https://openalex.org/W4283079680","https://openalex.org/W4283455090","https://openalex.org/W4283722802","https://openalex.org/W4291172155","https://openalex.org/W4310791256","https://openalex.org/W4313379929","https://openalex.org/W4313459902","https://openalex.org/W4318055132","https://openalex.org/W4319791851","https://openalex.org/W4323275988","https://openalex.org/W4364360587","https://openalex.org/W4365150288","https://openalex.org/W4379229353","https://openalex.org/W4382726093","https://openalex.org/W4389263987","https://openalex.org/W4391160682","https://openalex.org/W4391723149","https://openalex.org/W4391888808","https://openalex.org/W4396689052","https://openalex.org/W4399043155","https://openalex.org/W6640336622","https://openalex.org/W6766576792","https://openalex.org/W6775920641","https://openalex.org/W6804314076"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1883246888","https://openalex.org/W2370114625","https://openalex.org/W1756374135","https://openalex.org/W2947584067","https://openalex.org/W3118510577","https://openalex.org/W2280562859","https://openalex.org/W230721595","https://openalex.org/W3157230915","https://openalex.org/W1496728123","https://openalex.org/W2062873522"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Groundwater":[0],"is":[1],"crucial":[2],"in":[3,56,63,72,86,207],"mediating":[4],"the":[5,8,90,103,111,141,204],"interactions":[6],"between":[7],"carbon":[9,25],"and":[10,35,44,114,121,129,145,181,203],"water":[11],"cycles.":[12],"Recently,":[13],"groundwater":[14,53,74,82,100,134,184,200],"storage":[15,54,75,83,101,135,185,201],"depletion":[16,55,84,136,202],"has":[17],"been":[18],"identified":[19],"as":[20,175],"a":[21,98,161,192],"significant":[22],"source":[23],"of":[24,149,165],"dioxide":[26],"(CO2)":[27],"emissions.":[28,167,188,209],"Here,":[29],"we":[30],"developed":[31,62],"two":[32],"data-driven":[33,60],"models\u2014XGBoost":[34],"convolutional":[36],"neural":[37],"network\u2013long":[38],"short-term":[39],"memory":[40],"(CNN-LSTM)\u2014based":[41],"on":[42,110],"multi-satellite":[43],"reanalysis":[45],"data":[46],"to":[47,126,153,157,183,197],"monitor":[48],"CO2":[49,105,124,166,187,208],"emissions":[50,106,125],"resulting":[51],"from":[52],"South":[57,169],"Korea.":[58],"The":[59],"models":[61],"this":[64],"study":[65,190],"provided":[66],"reasonably":[67],"accurate":[68],"predictions":[69],"compared":[70],"with":[71,160],"situ":[73],"anomaly":[76],"(GWSA)":[77],"observations,":[78],"identifying":[79],"relatively":[80],"high":[81,176,179],"levels":[85],"several":[87],"regions":[88,171,180],"over":[89],"past":[91],"decade.":[92],"For":[93,118],"each":[94],"administrative":[95],"region":[96],"exhibiting":[97],"decreasing":[99],"trend,":[102],"corresponding":[104],"were":[107,172],"quantified":[108],"based":[109],"predicted":[112],"GWSA":[113],"respective":[115],"bicarbonate":[116],"concentrations.":[117],"2008\u20132019,":[119],"XGBoost":[120],"CNN-LSTM":[122],"estimated":[123],"be":[127],"0.216":[128],"0.202":[130],"MMTCO2/year,":[131],"respectively.":[132],"Furthermore,":[133],"vulnerability":[137],"was":[138],"assessed":[139],"using":[140],"entropy":[142],"weight":[143],"method":[144],"technique":[146],"for":[147,194],"order":[148],"preference":[150],"by":[151],"similarity":[152],"ideal":[154],"solution":[155],"(TOPSIS)":[156],"identify":[158],"hotspots":[159],"heightened":[162],"potential":[163],"risk":[164],"Western":[168],"Korean":[170],"particularly":[173],"classified":[174],"or":[177],"very":[178],"susceptible":[182],"depletion-associated":[186],"This":[189],"provides":[191],"foundation":[193],"developing":[195],"countermeasures":[196],"mitigate":[198],"accelerating":[199],"consequent":[205],"rise":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}