{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401756797","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16163100","title":"Aeolian Desertification Dynamics from 1995 to 2020 in Northern China: Classification Using a Random Forest Machine Learning Algorithm Based on Google Earth Engine","display_name":"Aeolian Desertification Dynamics from 1995 to 2020 in Northern China: Classification Using a Random Forest Machine Learning Algorithm Based on Google Earth Engine","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401756797","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16163100"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16163100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16163100","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/16/3100/pdf?version=1724326410","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/16/3100/pdf?version=1724326410","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100716785","display_name":"Cai\u2010Xia Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9671-9412"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106526","display_name":"Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/01jz1e142","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210106526"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Caixia Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 320, West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 320, West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106526","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111257066","display_name":"Ningjing Tan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106526","display_name":"Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/01jz1e142","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210106526"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ningjing Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 320, West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 320, West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106526","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050931413","display_name":"Jinchang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9903-139X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181877577","display_name":"Shanxi University","ror":"https://ror.org/03y3e3s17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181877577"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinchang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181877577"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100716785"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210106526"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.7236,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89665906,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"16","first_page":"3100","last_page":"3100"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9886999726295471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.7987412214279175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/desertification","display_name":"Desertification","score":0.7604193091392517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aeolian-processes","display_name":"Aeolian processes","score":0.653490424156189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.5327085852622986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.49780845642089844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earth","display_name":"Earth (classical element)","score":0.44735515117645264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4196930229663849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.4132077395915985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3916344940662384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.373680055141449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.36615028977394104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earth-science","display_name":"Earth science","score":0.3323647975921631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.29562896490097046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1643974781036377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1254136860370636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geomorphology","display_name":"Geomorphology","score":0.09904563426971436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.07482892274856567}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.7987412214279175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33559203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183481","display_name":"Desertification","level":2,"score":0.7604193091392517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180093795","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215839","display_name":"Aeolian processes","level":2,"score":0.653490424156189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.5327085852622986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.49780845642089844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26148502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2488752","display_name":"Earth (classical element)","level":2,"score":0.44735515117645264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4196930229663849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.4132077395915985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3916344940662384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.373680055141449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36615028977394104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1965285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8008","display_name":"Earth science","level":1,"score":0.3323647975921631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.29562896490097046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1643974781036377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1254136860370636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.09904563426971436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.07482892274856567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16163100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16163100","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/16/3100/pdf?version=1724326410","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:67681b9c3e7948e48944f4d173adaa58","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/67681b9c3e7948e48944f4d173adaa58","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 16, p 3100 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/16/16/3100/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16163100","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16163100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16163100","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/16/3100/pdf?version=1724326410","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1573879910","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41101006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1948182212","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020YFA0608404","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2221554890","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41101006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2652337534","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021030212","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322666","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3092857963","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20210302124032","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5836581444","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20210302124032","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5881942141","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7461088265","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020YFA0608404","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322666","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401756797.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401756797.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965056035","https://openalex.org/W2001987417","https://openalex.org/W2060894390","https://openalex.org/W2071799434","https://openalex.org/W2082145132","https://openalex.org/W2103081196","https://openalex.org/W2114828048","https://openalex.org/W2145862305","https://openalex.org/W2261059368","https://openalex.org/W2348067084","https://openalex.org/W2359872130","https://openalex.org/W2373542631","https://openalex.org/W2374408727","https://openalex.org/W2374963045","https://openalex.org/W2378060685","https://openalex.org/W2394254594","https://openalex.org/W2610176873","https://openalex.org/W2619820913","https://openalex.org/W2886952080","https://openalex.org/W2895664868","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W3007859004","https://openalex.org/W3026073844","https://openalex.org/W3128613591","https://openalex.org/W3173754624","https://openalex.org/W3193403648","https://openalex.org/W3201930728","https://openalex.org/W3206137797","https://openalex.org/W4206129568","https://openalex.org/W4223991527","https://openalex.org/W4224232521","https://openalex.org/W4251005214","https://openalex.org/W4281669369","https://openalex.org/W4286436678","https://openalex.org/W4304592590","https://openalex.org/W4307906691","https://openalex.org/W4308653704","https://openalex.org/W6641506149","https://openalex.org/W6810209700","https://openalex.org/W7052702818","https://openalex.org/W7071438272"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2382965430","https://openalex.org/W2049720781","https://openalex.org/W2373711719","https://openalex.org/W2161159899","https://openalex.org/W4320920002","https://openalex.org/W4210808965","https://openalex.org/W2336613822","https://openalex.org/W2353955128","https://openalex.org/W1494379999","https://openalex.org/W4230361451"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine":[0],"learning":[1],"methods":[2],"have":[3],"improved":[4],"in":[5,36,68],"recent":[6],"years":[7],"and":[8,59,85,138,151,168],"provide":[9],"increasingly":[10],"powerful":[11],"tools":[12],"for":[13,65,111],"understanding":[14],"landscape":[15],"evolution.":[16],"In":[17],"this":[18],"study,":[19],"we":[20],"used":[21],"the":[22,33,69,86,106,112,124,156],"random":[23,70,99],"forest":[24,71,100],"method":[25],"based":[26],"on":[27],"Google":[28],"Earth":[29],"Engine":[30],"to":[31,41,122,141,145,149,154],"evaluate":[32],"desertification":[34,128,158],"dynamics":[35],"northern":[37],"China":[38],"from":[39,139,143,147,152],"1995":[40,121],"2020.":[42],"We":[43],"selected":[44],"Landsat":[45],"series":[46],"image":[47],"bands,":[48],"remote":[49],"sensing":[50],"inversion":[51],"data,":[52,55,58],"climate":[53],"baseline":[54],"land":[56],"use":[57],"soil":[60],"type":[61],"data":[62],"as":[63],"variables":[64],"majority":[66],"voting":[67],"method.":[72],"The":[73,98],"method\u2019s":[74],"average":[75,87,132,162],"classification":[76,96],"accuracy":[77],"was":[78,90],"91.6%":[79],"\u00b1":[80,83,92],"5.8":[81],"[mean":[82],"SD],":[84],"kappa":[88],"coefficient":[89],"0.68":[91],"0.09,":[93],"suggesting":[94],"good":[95],"results.":[97],"classifier":[101],"results":[102,107],"were":[103],"consistent":[104],"with":[105],"of":[108,115,118,126,134,164],"visual":[109],"interpretation":[110],"spatial":[113],"distribution":[114],"different":[116],"levels":[117],"desertification.":[119],"From":[120],"2000,":[123],"area":[125],"aeolian":[127,157],"increased":[129],"at":[130,160],"an":[131,161],"rate":[133,163],"9977":[135],"km2":[136,170],"yr\u22121,":[137,171],"2000":[140],"2005,":[142],"2005":[144],"2010,":[146],"2010":[148],"2015,":[150],"2015":[153],"2020,":[155],"decreased":[159],"2535,":[165],"3462,":[166],"1487,":[167],"4537":[169],"respectively.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}