{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401511979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16162955","title":"Improved Coherent Processing of Synthetic Aperture Radar Data through Speckle Whitening of Single-Look Complex Images","display_name":"Improved Coherent Processing of Synthetic Aperture Radar Data through Speckle Whitening of Single-Look Complex Images","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401511979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16162955"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16162955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16162955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16162955","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052624884","display_name":"Luciano Alparone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8984-938X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","display_name":"University of Florence","ror":"https://ror.org/04jr1s763","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Luciano Alparone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080355277","display_name":"Alberto Arienzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1584-4631"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115556","display_name":"National Research Council - Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis","ror":"https://ror.org/024ye7w89","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115556","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","display_name":"University of Florence","ror":"https://ror.org/04jr1s763","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alberto Arienzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy","National Research Council, Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis, 85050 Tito Scalo, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council, Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis, 85050 Tito Scalo, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115556","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105656402","display_name":"Fabrizio Lombardini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1902-9391"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabrizio Lombardini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052624884"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.5992,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91387262,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"16","first_page":"2955","last_page":"2955"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10688","display_name":"Image and Signal Denoising Methods","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.656823992729187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6505221128463745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speckle-pattern","display_name":"Speckle pattern","score":0.5771921277046204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speckle-noise","display_name":"Speckle noise","score":0.4893340468406677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.44788357615470886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3532286286354065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.33466655015945435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.30427420139312744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08637464046478271}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.656823992729187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.6505221128463745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102290492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575045","display_name":"Speckle pattern","level":2,"score":0.5771921277046204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180940675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575045","display_name":"Speckle noise","level":3,"score":0.4893340468406677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44788357615470886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3532286286354065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.33466655015945435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.30427420139312744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08637464046478271}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16162955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16162955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arpi.unipi.it:11568/1272868","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11568/1272868","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196265","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","host_organization_name":"University of Pisa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9ead7448c8e34204ad3590f5306d6f46","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9ead7448c8e34204ad3590f5306d6f46","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 16, p 2955 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:flore.unifi.it:2158/1383353","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2158/1383353","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402033","display_name":"Florence Research (University of Florence)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","host_organization_name":"University of Florence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16162955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16162955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8100000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W206430976","https://openalex.org/W1963994432","https://openalex.org/W1970478368","https://openalex.org/W1978064460","https://openalex.org/W1981545791","https://openalex.org/W1988221829","https://openalex.org/W2005964939","https://openalex.org/W2027231794","https://openalex.org/W2031669879","https://openalex.org/W2044127760","https://openalex.org/W2049848021","https://openalex.org/W2052279867","https://openalex.org/W2055388682","https://openalex.org/W2061577342","https://openalex.org/W2067987865","https://openalex.org/W2077282160","https://openalex.org/W2079299474","https://openalex.org/W2090563002","https://openalex.org/W2090862530","https://openalex.org/W2095775020","https://openalex.org/W2097778705","https://openalex.org/W2098918476","https://openalex.org/W2110764636","https://openalex.org/W2111279169","https://openalex.org/W2113411818","https://openalex.org/W2118739381","https://openalex.org/W2123919016","https://openalex.org/W2128033169","https://openalex.org/W2143716001","https://openalex.org/W2144851790","https://openalex.org/W2147246618","https://openalex.org/W2152657318","https://openalex.org/W2157710434","https://openalex.org/W2159469858","https://openalex.org/W2161357997","https://openalex.org/W2198359300","https://openalex.org/W2750989048","https://openalex.org/W2789760186","https://openalex.org/W2890954076","https://openalex.org/W2936032092","https://openalex.org/W2952389408","https://openalex.org/W2999071102","https://openalex.org/W3002769825","https://openalex.org/W3009152415","https://openalex.org/W3009400441","https://openalex.org/W3016152002","https://openalex.org/W3041621345","https://openalex.org/W3047950904","https://openalex.org/W3183924000","https://openalex.org/W4306377070","https://openalex.org/W4312978276","https://openalex.org/W4317811228","https://openalex.org/W4361985178","https://openalex.org/W4365514288","https://openalex.org/W4392157462"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2065648684","https://openalex.org/W2009383287","https://openalex.org/W2042914788","https://openalex.org/W2182190754","https://openalex.org/W4321264664","https://openalex.org/W2055824452","https://openalex.org/W2121688719","https://openalex.org/W2727313114","https://openalex.org/W2016481886","https://openalex.org/W4241911733"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,38,128,154],"this":[1],"study,":[2],"we":[3],"investigate":[4],"the":[5,8,16,39,44,65,80,85,95,101,111,135,141,147,165,170,174,182,187,193,197,212,221,248,269,281,284,288,293,298,305],"usefulness":[6],"of":[7,15,22,43,47,51,82,87,97,137,149,181,214,220,235,250,272,283,292,307],"spectral":[9],"whitening":[10,96,198,300],"procedure,":[11],"devised":[12],"by":[13,64,169,186,246,297,304,310],"one":[14],"authors":[17],"as":[18,263,302],"a":[19,241,256],"preprocessing":[20],"stage":[21],"envelope-detected":[23],"single-look":[24],"synthetic":[25],"aperture":[26],"radar":[27],"(SAR)":[28],"images,":[29,53],"in":[30,104,110,140,201,204,209,233],"application":[31],"contexts":[32],"where":[33,211],"phase":[34,118,222,294],"information":[35],"is":[36,131,177,192,227],"relevant.":[37],"first":[40],"experiment,":[41],"each":[42],"raw":[45],"datasets":[46],"an":[48],"interferometric":[49,115],"pair":[50,245],"COSMO-SkyMed":[52],"representing":[54],"industrial":[55],"buildings":[56,159],"amidst":[57],"vegetated":[58],"areas,":[59],"was":[60],"individually":[61],"(1)":[62,265],"synthesized":[63,73],"SAR":[66],"processor":[67],"without":[68],"Fourier-domain":[69],"Hamming":[70,75,188],"windowing;":[71],"(2)":[72,287],"with":[74,84,266],"windowing,":[76,172],"used":[77],"to":[78,164,229],"improve":[79],"focalization":[81],"targets,":[83],"drawback":[86],"spatially":[88],"correlating":[89],"speckle;":[90],"and":[91,114,117,158,206,252,277,286,290,328],"(3)":[92,191,226],"processed":[93],"for":[94,318,324],"complex":[98],"speckle,":[99,268],"using":[100,255],"data":[102,254],"obtained":[103],"(2).":[105],"The":[106,259],"interferograms":[107,249],"were":[108,120],"produced":[109],"three":[112],"cases,":[113],"coherence":[116,130,176,203,208,273],"maps":[119],"calculated":[121],"through":[122],"3":[123,125],"\u00d7":[124],"boxcar":[126],"filtering.":[127],"(1),":[129],"low":[132,202],"on":[133,240,280,333],"vegetation;":[134],"presence":[136],"high":[138,152,207],"sidelobes":[139],"system\u2019s":[142],"point-spread":[143],"function":[144],"(PSF)":[145],"causes":[146],"spread":[148],"areas":[150],"featuring":[151],"backscattering.":[153],"(2),":[155],"point":[156],"targets":[157],"are":[160,216,238,262,295,313],"better":[161],"defined,":[162],"thanks":[163],"sidelobe":[166],"suppression":[167],"achieved":[168],"frequency":[171],"but":[173,322],"background":[175],"abnormally":[178],"increased":[179,296],"because":[180,196],"spatial":[183],"correlation":[184],"introduced":[185],"window.":[189],"Case":[190],"most":[194],"favorable":[195],"operation":[199],"results":[200,261],"vegetation":[205],"buildings,":[210],"effects":[213],"windowing":[215],"preserved.":[217],"An":[218],"analysis":[219,327],"map":[223],"reveals":[224],"that":[225],"likely":[228],"be":[230],"facilitated":[231],"also":[232,314,323],"terms":[234],"unwrapping.":[236],"Results":[237],"presented":[239],"TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X":[242],"(TSX-TDX)":[243],"image":[244],"processing":[247,329],"original":[251],"whitened":[253],"non-local":[257],"filter.":[258],"main":[260],"follows:":[264],"autocorrelated":[267],"estimation":[270],"error":[271],"may":[274],"attain":[275],"16%":[276],"inversely":[278],"depends":[279],"heterogeneity":[282],"scene;":[285],"cleanness":[289],"accuracy":[291],"preliminary":[299],"stage,":[301],"witnessed":[303],"number":[306],"residues,":[308],"reduced":[309],"24%.":[311],"Benefits":[312],"expected":[315],"not":[316],"only":[317],"differential":[319],"InSAR":[320],"(DInSAR)":[321],"any":[325],"coherent":[326],"carried":[330],"out":[331],"performed":[332],"SLC":[334],"data.":[335]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}