{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401112571","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16152793","title":"Vegetation Water Content Retrieval from Spaceborne GNSS-R and Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data Using Ensemble Machine Learning Methods","display_name":"Vegetation Water Content Retrieval from Spaceborne GNSS-R and Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data Using Ensemble Machine Learning Methods","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401112571","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16152793"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16152793","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16152793","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/15/2793/pdf?version=1722580961","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/15/2793/pdf?version=1722580961","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101986040","display_name":"Yongfeng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5524-2053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10660446","display_name":"Kunming University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xyeez13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongfeng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032913893","display_name":"Jinwei Bu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9412-3121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10660446","display_name":"Kunming University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xyeez13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jinwei Bu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079847049","display_name":"Xiaoqing Zuo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9153-1920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10660446","display_name":"Kunming University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xyeez13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoqing Zuo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080131701","display_name":"Kegen Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7710-3073"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kegen Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113650061","display_name":"Qiulan Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10660446","display_name":"Kunming University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xyeez13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiulan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090385470","display_name":"Weimin Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9622-5041"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130438778","display_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","ror":"https://ror.org/04haebc03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weimin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, NL A1B 3X5, Canada","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, NL A1B 3X5, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032913893"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.4814,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8871,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"15","first_page":"2793","last_page":"2793"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10330","display_name":"Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7521587610244751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.6299680471420288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4060834050178528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.399058997631073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.25777697563171387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.15903133153915405}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7521587610244751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.6299680471420288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4060834050178528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.399058997631073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.25777697563171387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.15903133153915405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16152793","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16152793","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/15/2793/pdf?version=1722580961","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:59f2e75937614e7b8da3f8b7688eb714","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/59f2e75937614e7b8da3f8b7688eb714","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 15, p 2793 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16152793","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16152793","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/15/2793/pdf?version=1722580961","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.6200000047683716}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401112571.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":83,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W799363603","https://openalex.org/W1557574124","https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W1974174879","https://openalex.org/W1977531189","https://openalex.org/W1978220353","https://openalex.org/W1990484989","https://openalex.org/W1991236946","https://openalex.org/W2009202065","https://openalex.org/W2016214740","https://openalex.org/W2016273418","https://openalex.org/W2030209988","https://openalex.org/W2039348932","https://openalex.org/W2053452238","https://openalex.org/W2063676353","https://openalex.org/W2074030640","https://openalex.org/W2099838915","https://openalex.org/W2118319776","https://openalex.org/W2141156448","https://openalex.org/W2161548576","https://openalex.org/W2166105691","https://openalex.org/W2243631907","https://openalex.org/W2460583900","https://openalex.org/W2486430858","https://openalex.org/W2548387490","https://openalex.org/W2560167313","https://openalex.org/W2606882776","https://openalex.org/W2607327501","https://openalex.org/W2619660127","https://openalex.org/W2794106949","https://openalex.org/W2885572531","https://openalex.org/W2899209674","https://openalex.org/W2901489860","https://openalex.org/W2912094294","https://openalex.org/W2914484644","https://openalex.org/W2916909768","https://openalex.org/W2968457732","https://openalex.org/W2980844297","https://openalex.org/W2981225986","https://openalex.org/W2986464058","https://openalex.org/W2995363336","https://openalex.org/W3015987273","https://openalex.org/W3020649642","https://openalex.org/W3022780227","https://openalex.org/W3033445404","https://openalex.org/W3037068793","https://openalex.org/W3048947513","https://openalex.org/W3099860989","https://openalex.org/W3101933275","https://openalex.org/W3107777305","https://openalex.org/W3131741598","https://openalex.org/W3132602148","https://openalex.org/W3197358610","https://openalex.org/W3208663937","https://openalex.org/W3214734419","https://openalex.org/W3214739039","https://openalex.org/W3216272850","https://openalex.org/W4224217219","https://openalex.org/W4285499953","https://openalex.org/W4286433387","https://openalex.org/W4289913107","https://openalex.org/W4296365730","https://openalex.org/W4311744416","https://openalex.org/W4312898628","https://openalex.org/W4317436736","https://openalex.org/W4328027403","https://openalex.org/W4376607832","https://openalex.org/W4379985151","https://openalex.org/W4381432578","https://openalex.org/W4381487167","https://openalex.org/W4384162256","https://openalex.org/W4386122623","https://openalex.org/W4389104899","https://openalex.org/W4392562850","https://openalex.org/W4393142712","https://openalex.org/W4396214946","https://openalex.org/W4399768349","https://openalex.org/W6786352395","https://openalex.org/W6850151295","https://openalex.org/W6853133964","https://openalex.org/W6854644159","https://openalex.org/W6865640466","https://openalex.org/W6967342698"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4386936491","https://openalex.org/W3007931018","https://openalex.org/W3110195467","https://openalex.org/W3033823235","https://openalex.org/W4391128647","https://openalex.org/W2881093137","https://openalex.org/W4386787199","https://openalex.org/W4384916587"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vegetation":[0],"water":[1],"content":[2],"(VWC)":[3],"is":[4,81],"a":[5,32,91],"crucial":[6],"parameter":[7],"for":[8,35,65],"evaluating":[9],"vegetation":[10,66],"growth,":[11],"climate":[12],"change,":[13],"natural":[14],"disasters":[15],"such":[16,103],"as":[17,104,161],"forest":[18,141],"fires,":[19],"and":[20,39,115,143,164,180,195,237,243],"drought":[21],"prediction.":[22],"Spaceborne":[23],"global":[24],"navigation":[25],"satellite":[26],"system":[27],"reflectometry":[28],"(GNSS-R)":[29],"has":[30],"become":[31],"valuable":[33],"tool":[34],"soil":[36],"moisture":[37],"(SM)":[38],"biomass":[40],"remote":[41],"sensing":[42],"(RS)":[43],"due":[44],"to":[45,73,78],"its":[46],"higher":[47],"spatial":[48],"resolution":[49],"compared":[50],"with":[51,205,219],"microwave":[52],"measurements.":[53],"Although":[54],"previous":[55],"studies":[56],"have":[57],"confirmed":[58],"the":[59,68,152,165,169,176,193,199,212,216,229,240],"enormous":[60],"potential":[61],"of":[62,70,154,175,208,222,227,234],"spaceborne":[63,94],"GNSS-R":[64,95],"monitoring,":[67],"utilization":[69],"this":[71,86,88],"technology":[72],"fuse":[74],"multiple":[75],"RS":[76],"parameters":[77,118],"retrieve":[79],"VWC":[80,96,184,203],"not":[82],"yet":[83],"mature.":[84],"For":[85],"purpose,":[87],"paper":[89],"constructs":[90],"local":[92],"high-spatiotemporal-resolution":[93],"retrieval":[97,185],"model":[98,214,231],"that":[99,168],"integrates":[100],"key":[101],"information,":[102],"bistatic":[105],"radar":[106],"cross":[107],"section":[108],"(BRCS),":[109],"effective":[110],"scattering":[111],"area,":[112],"CYGNSS":[113],"variables,":[114],"surface":[116],"auxiliary":[117],"based":[119],"on":[120],"five":[121],"ensemble":[122],"machine":[123,147],"learning":[124],"(ML)":[125],"algorithms":[126],"(i.e.,":[127],"bagging":[128],"tree":[129,134],"(BT),":[130],"gradient":[131,137,145],"boosting":[132,138,146],"decision":[133],"(GBDT),":[135],"extreme":[136],"(XGBoost),":[139],"random":[140],"(RF),":[142],"light":[144],"(LightGBM)).":[148],"We":[149],"extensively":[150],"tested":[151],"performance":[153],"different":[155],"models":[156,182,197],"using":[157],"SMAP":[158],"ancillary":[159],"data":[160],"validation":[162],"data,":[163],"results":[166],"show":[167],"root":[170],"mean":[171],"square":[172],"errors":[173],"(RMSEs)":[174],"BT,":[177],"XGBoost,":[178,241],"RF,":[179],"LightGBM":[181],"in":[183,201],"are":[186],"better":[187],"than":[188],"0.50":[189,209],"kg/m2.":[190,210,224],"Among":[191],"them,":[192],"BT":[194],"RF":[196,230],"performed":[198],"best":[200],"localized":[202],"retrieval,":[204],"RMSE":[206,221],"values":[207],"Conversely,":[211],"XGBoost":[213],"exhibits":[215],"worst":[217],"performance,":[218],"an":[220],"0.85":[223],"In":[225],"terms":[226],"RMSE,":[228],"demonstrates":[232],"improvements":[233],"70.00%,":[235],"52.00%,":[236],"32.00%":[238],"over":[239],"LightGBM,":[242],"GBDT":[244],"models,":[245],"respectively.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
