{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401077670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16152746","title":"LSTT: Long-Term Spatial\u2013Temporal Tensor Model for Infrared Small Target Detection under Dynamic Background","display_name":"LSTT: Long-Term Spatial\u2013Temporal Tensor Model for Infrared Small Target Detection under Dynamic Background","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401077670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16152746"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16152746","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16152746","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/15/2746/pdf?version=1722068097","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/15/2746/pdf?version=1722068097","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038409911","display_name":"De-Yong Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3069-1207"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802505932","display_name":"China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00jma8s40","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802505932"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deyong Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","Computational Aerodynamics Institute, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3069-1207","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Aerodynamics Institute, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802505932"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110031032","display_name":"Wei An","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8319-2105"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei An","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062731814","display_name":"Qiang Ling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4937-5420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Ling","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4937-5420","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101458358","display_name":"Dong Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7350-9671"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802505932","display_name":"China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00jma8s40","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802505932"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computational Aerodynamics Institute, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Aerodynamics Institute, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802505932"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100328790","display_name":"Haibo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6612-7528"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802505932","display_name":"China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00jma8s40","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802505932"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haibo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computational Aerodynamics Institute, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Aerodynamics Institute, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802505932"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100339709","display_name":"Miao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-8467"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103139859","display_name":"Zaiping Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zaiping Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062731814"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.4938,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93069944,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"15","first_page":"2746","last_page":"2746"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12019","display_name":"Calibration and Measurement Techniques","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.6482484936714172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tensor","display_name":"Tensor (intrinsic definition)","score":0.4309762418270111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.38177675008773804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.17788642644882202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.17632699012756348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0865531861782074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astronomy","display_name":"Astronomy","score":0.05100628733634949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.05073842406272888}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.6482484936714172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155281189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3518150","display_name":"Tensor (intrinsic definition)","level":2,"score":0.4309762418270111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.38177675008773804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.17788642644882202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17632699012756348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0865531861782074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.05100628733634949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.05073842406272888}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16152746","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16152746","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/15/2746/pdf?version=1722068097","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:540f5195fb7f4cb4a8f51dc16646ea03","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/540f5195fb7f4cb4a8f51dc16646ea03","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 15, p 2746 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16152746","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16152746","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/15/2746/pdf?version=1722068097","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2307934023","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22-ZZCX-042","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327720","funder_display_name":"Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5979008009","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61921001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6223968894","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61921001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327720","funder_display_name":"Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324150","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327720","display_name":"Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401077670.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401077670.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W282757658","https://openalex.org/W1482071412","https://openalex.org/W1557315467","https://openalex.org/W1821738980","https://openalex.org/W1978993121","https://openalex.org/W1983680350","https://openalex.org/W2006851788","https://openalex.org/W2024165284","https://openalex.org/W2030927653","https://openalex.org/W2041560658","https://openalex.org/W2044338621","https://openalex.org/W2084586897","https://openalex.org/W2100556411","https://openalex.org/W2107861471","https://openalex.org/W2124386111","https://openalex.org/W2129500293","https://openalex.org/W2145962650","https://openalex.org/W2288886961","https://openalex.org/W2341998679","https://openalex.org/W2407220925","https://openalex.org/W2435918055","https://openalex.org/W2476118598","https://openalex.org/W2604768956","https://openalex.org/W2889106020","https://openalex.org/W2902200144","https://openalex.org/W2912919760","https://openalex.org/W2918460136","https://openalex.org/W2963328634","https://openalex.org/W2963664109","https://openalex.org/W2963885538","https://openalex.org/W2981068491","https://openalex.org/W2991758591","https://openalex.org/W2992263340","https://openalex.org/W2997965215","https://openalex.org/W3010079414","https://openalex.org/W3021020015","https://openalex.org/W3034092487","https://openalex.org/W3088317060","https://openalex.org/W3098726713","https://openalex.org/W3110352253","https://openalex.org/W3118249006","https://openalex.org/W3118934234","https://openalex.org/W3135922489","https://openalex.org/W3145563919","https://openalex.org/W3171950886","https://openalex.org/W3183676354","https://openalex.org/W3207628311","https://openalex.org/W3212966035","https://openalex.org/W3216985839","https://openalex.org/W4285208873","https://openalex.org/W4285799044","https://openalex.org/W4292982489","https://openalex.org/W4312729759","https://openalex.org/W4313549920","https://openalex.org/W4365482986","https://openalex.org/W4385224615","https://openalex.org/W4388266680","https://openalex.org/W4391250905","https://openalex.org/W4399375585","https://openalex.org/W6754338973","https://openalex.org/W6791175494","https://openalex.org/W6797189342","https://openalex.org/W6798389553","https://openalex.org/W6803172348","https://openalex.org/W6839961276","https://openalex.org/W6848668740","https://openalex.org/W6855206120"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W42295635","https://openalex.org/W1973996291","https://openalex.org/W2330575325","https://openalex.org/W2163803519","https://openalex.org/W2497592525","https://openalex.org/W3096145648","https://openalex.org/W3197510923","https://openalex.org/W2121524756","https://openalex.org/W2370579019","https://openalex.org/W4313265328"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Infrared":[0],"small":[1,18,167,232],"target":[2,19,49,153,169],"detection":[3,20,33,164,253,280],"is":[4,77,86,123,142,155,196,210],"an":[5],"important":[6],"and":[7,13,50,60,135,205,255,276],"core":[8],"problem":[9,161,175,209],"in":[10,79,131,137,250,271],"infrared":[11,17,163],"search":[12],"track":[14],"systems.":[15],"Many":[16],"methods":[21],"work":[22],"well":[23],"under":[24],"the":[25,32,38,44,48,53,90,97,100,104,113,116,126,132,138,146,152,160,186,194,199,206,214,225,244,259,265],"premise":[26],"of":[27,47,52,103,115,119,148,162,165,176,180,185,193,217,252,268],"a":[28,70,166,171,236,272,278],"static":[29],"background;":[30],"however,":[31],"effect":[34],"decreases":[35],"seriously":[36],"when":[37],"background":[39,51,127,195],"changes":[40],"dynamically.":[41],"In":[42,257],"addition,":[43],"spatiotemporal":[45,101,266],"information":[46,267],"image":[54,83,188],"sequence":[55],"are":[56,107],"not":[57,108],"fully":[58],"developed":[59],"utilized,":[61],"lacking":[62],"long-term":[63,72],"temporal":[64],"characteristics.":[65],"To":[66],"solve":[67],"these":[68],"problems,":[69],"novel":[71],"spatial\u2013temporal":[73],"tensor":[74,106,207],"(LSTT)":[75],"model":[76],"proposed":[78,226],"this":[80,120],"paper.":[81],"The":[82,190],"registration":[84],"technique":[85],"employed":[87],"to":[88],"realize":[89],"matching":[91],"between":[92],"frames.":[93],"By":[94],"directly":[95],"superimposing":[96],"aligned":[98,187],"images,":[99],"features":[102],"resulting":[105],"damaged":[109],"or":[110],"reduced.":[111],"From":[112],"perspective":[114],"horizontal":[117,183],"slice":[118],"tensor,":[121],"it":[122],"found":[124],"that":[125,224],"component":[128,154],"has":[129,247],"similarity":[130],"time":[133,274],"dimension":[134],"correlation":[136],"space":[139],"dimension,":[140],"which":[141],"more":[143,269],"consistent":[144],"with":[145,240],"prerequisite":[147],"low":[149,191],"rank,":[150],"while":[151],"sparse.":[156],"Therefore,":[157],"we":[158],"transform":[159],"moving":[168,233],"into":[170],"low-rank":[172],"sparse":[173],"decomposition":[174,208],"new":[177,245,260],"tensors":[178],"composed":[179],"several":[181],"continuous":[182],"slices":[184],"tensor.":[189],"rank":[192],"constrained":[197],"by":[198],"partial":[200],"tubal":[201],"nuclear":[202],"norm":[203],"(PTNN),":[204],"quickly":[211],"solved":[212],"using":[213],"alternating-direction":[215],"method":[216,228,246,262],"multipliers":[218],"(ADMM).":[219],"Our":[220],"experimental":[221],"results":[222],"demonstrate":[223],"LSTT":[227,261],"can":[229,263],"effectively":[230],"detect":[231],"targets":[234],"against":[235],"dynamic":[237],"background.":[238],"Compared":[239],"other":[241],"benchmark":[242],"methods,":[243],"better":[248],"performance":[249],"terms":[251],"efficiency":[254],"accuracy.":[256],"particular,":[258],"extract":[264],"frames":[270],"longer":[273],"domain":[275],"obtain":[277],"higher":[279],"rate.":[281]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2024-07-31T00:00:00"}