{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400351849","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16132473","title":"Detection of Coral Reef Bleaching by Multitemporal Sentinel-2 Data Using the PU-Bagging Algorithm: A Feasibility Study at Lizard Island","display_name":"Detection of Coral Reef Bleaching by Multitemporal Sentinel-2 Data Using the PU-Bagging Algorithm: A Feasibility Study at Lizard Island","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400351849","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16132473"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16132473","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16132473","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/13/2473/pdf?version=1720434504","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/13/2473/pdf?version=1720434504","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014326389","display_name":"Ke Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9692-4221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ke Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058023767","display_name":"Fan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0365-710X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074193757","display_name":"Huize Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8662-7757"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huize Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059007878","display_name":"Ying Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2068-1216"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128742","display_name":"National Satellite Ocean Application Service","ror":"https://ror.org/038fwcw54","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128742"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Space Ocean Remote Sensing and Application, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China","National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Space Ocean Remote Sensing and Application, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I211433327"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128742","https://openalex.org/I211433327"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014326389"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.4443,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81801498,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"13","first_page":"2473","last_page":"2473"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10341","display_name":"Coral and Marine Ecosystems Studies","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10341","display_name":"Coral and Marine Ecosystems Studies","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coral-bleaching","display_name":"Coral bleaching","score":0.8281488418579102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coral-reef","display_name":"Coral reef","score":0.8231246471405029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reef","display_name":"Reef","score":0.769474446773529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coral","display_name":"Coral","score":0.6469859480857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6199326515197754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5468482971191406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5098923444747925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thematic-map","display_name":"Thematic map","score":0.42429643869400024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.275253564119339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2735164165496826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1635427474975586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.13274264335632324}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103474955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q568916","display_name":"Coral bleaching","level":3,"score":0.8281488418579102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79367842","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11292","display_name":"Coral reef","level":2,"score":0.8231246471405029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77044568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184358","display_name":"Reef","level":2,"score":0.769474446773529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143020374","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2411228","display_name":"Coral","level":2,"score":0.6469859480857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6199326515197754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5468482971191406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5098923444747925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93692415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502030","display_name":"Thematic map","level":2,"score":0.42429643869400024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.275253564119339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2735164165496826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1635427474975586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.13274264335632324}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16132473","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16132473","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/13/2473/pdf?version=1720434504","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b1bdf70800214ad0b3fa1dd9f11f80bc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b1bdf70800214ad0b3fa1dd9f11f80bc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 13, p 2473 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16132473","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16132473","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/13/2473/pdf?version=1720434504","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water","score":0.8500000238418579}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7663523707","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U21A2013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400351849.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1991462310","https://openalex.org/W2006391342","https://openalex.org/W2019098461","https://openalex.org/W2019850681","https://openalex.org/W2022695942","https://openalex.org/W2024763652","https://openalex.org/W2040026378","https://openalex.org/W2050871273","https://openalex.org/W2051103995","https://openalex.org/W2062553049","https://openalex.org/W2065154146","https://openalex.org/W2092446550","https://openalex.org/W2095795470","https://openalex.org/W2100630554","https://openalex.org/W2107301689","https://openalex.org/W2123113786","https://openalex.org/W2123920115","https://openalex.org/W2123958887","https://openalex.org/W2133847314","https://openalex.org/W2142598180","https://openalex.org/W2152686492","https://openalex.org/W2270845284","https://openalex.org/W2596630349","https://openalex.org/W2619701599","https://openalex.org/W2770411467","https://openalex.org/W2782456798","https://openalex.org/W2899867782","https://openalex.org/W3024644232","https://openalex.org/W3138993300","https://openalex.org/W4254089682","https://openalex.org/W4256735298"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2924041486","https://openalex.org/W2037326429","https://openalex.org/W2886577842","https://openalex.org/W4381167556","https://openalex.org/W3185578619","https://openalex.org/W2015045796","https://openalex.org/W4321459097","https://openalex.org/W4388115155","https://openalex.org/W3016527149","https://openalex.org/W2022837070"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Coral":[0],"reef":[1,19,32,55,91,107,160,173,216],"bleaching":[2,33,56,59,92,108,161,174,190,217],"events":[3],"have":[4,65],"become":[5],"more":[6],"frequent":[7],"all":[8],"over":[9],"the":[10,62,87,121,124,186,193,200,206,209,212,223],"world":[11],"and":[12,37,50,94,136,176,198,219,225],"pose":[13],"a":[14,35,102,126,144],"serious":[15],"threat":[16],"to":[17,84,157,169],"coral":[18,31,54,90,106,159,172,215,228],"ecosystems.":[20],"Therefore,":[21],"there":[22],"is":[23,114,141,155,167],"an":[24],"urgent":[25],"need":[26],"for":[27,53,211],"better":[28],"detection":[29,93,109,191,218],"of":[30,89,123,128,189,208,214,227],"in":[34,61,72,116,139,222],"time-":[36],"cost-saving":[38],"manner.":[39],"In":[40],"recent":[41],"years,":[42],"remote":[43,74,131],"sensing":[44,75,132],"technology":[45],"has":[46],"often":[47],"been":[48],"utilized":[49],"gained":[51],"recognition":[52],"detection.":[57],"However,":[58],"corals":[60],"water":[63],"always":[64],"weak":[66],"spectral":[67,162],"change":[68,79],"signals,":[69],"causing":[70],"difficulties":[71],"using":[73],"data.":[76],"Additionally,":[77],"uneven":[78],"samples":[80],"make":[81],"it":[82],"challenging":[83],"adequately":[85],"capture":[86],"details":[88],"produce":[95],"thematic":[96],"maps.":[97],"To":[98,119],"resolve":[99],"these":[100],"problems,":[101],"novel":[103],"method":[104],"named":[105],"by":[110,192],"positive-unlabeled":[111],"bagging":[112],"(CBD-PUB)":[113],"proposed":[115,194],"this":[117],"paper.":[118],"test":[120],"capacity":[122],"method,":[125],"series":[127],"multi-temporal":[129],"Sentinel-2":[130],"images":[133],"are":[134],"utilized,":[135],"Lizard":[137],"Island":[138],"Australia":[140],"taken":[142],"as":[143],"case":[145],"study":[146],"area.":[147],"The":[148,181],"pseudo-invariant":[149],"feature":[150],"atmospheric":[151],"correction":[152],"(PIF)":[153],"algorithm":[154,195],"adopted":[156],"improve":[158],"signals.":[163],"After":[164],"that,":[165],"CBD-PUB":[166],"employed":[168],"effectively":[170],"explore":[171],"variation":[175],"its":[177],"corresponding":[178],"influence":[179],"relations.":[180],"experimental":[182],"results":[183],"show":[184],"that":[185],"overall":[187],"accuracy":[188],"reaches":[196],"92.1%":[197],"outperforms":[199],"traditional":[201],"method.":[202],"It":[203],"fully":[204],"demonstrates":[205],"feasibility":[207],"model":[210],"field":[213],"provides":[220],"assistance":[221],"monitoring":[224],"protection":[226],"environments.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T08:34:05.389933","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
