{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399975256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16132307","title":"Retrospective Analysis of Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) Using AI Earth InSAR and Optical Images: A Case Study of South Lhonak Lake, Sikkim","display_name":"Retrospective Analysis of Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) Using AI Earth InSAR and Optical Images: A Case Study of South Lhonak Lake, Sikkim","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399975256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16132307"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16132307","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16132307","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/13/2307/pdf?version=1719224537","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/13/2307/pdf?version=1719224537","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100703660","display_name":"Yang Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5512-3396"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098880","display_name":"National Institute of Hospital Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/00xdrzy17","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098880"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100086, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100086, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098880"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030646972","display_name":"Bingquan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7211-1899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bingquan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, China University of Geoscience, Wuhan 430074, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, China University of Geoscience, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100389116","display_name":"Yongsheng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0779-8890"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098880","display_name":"National Institute of Hospital Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/00xdrzy17","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098880"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yongsheng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100086, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100086, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098880"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050043739","display_name":"Wenliang Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2006-4605"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098880","display_name":"National Institute of Hospital Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/00xdrzy17","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098880"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenliang Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100086, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100086, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098880"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100389116"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098880"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":8.0037,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98585727,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"13","first_page":"2307","last_page":"2307"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslides and related hazards","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interferometric-synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Interferometric synthetic aperture radar","score":0.7121471166610718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glacial-lake","display_name":"Glacial lake","score":0.638325035572052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.6136922240257263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flood-myth","display_name":"Flood myth","score":0.5532160997390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glacial-period","display_name":"Glacial period","score":0.4434860348701477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.42899852991104126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-geography","display_name":"Physical geography","score":0.34685903787612915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.28614139556884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geomorphology","display_name":"Geomorphology","score":0.22216108441352844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12032487988471985}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22286887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666056","display_name":"Interferometric synthetic aperture radar","level":3,"score":0.7121471166610718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778845824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211302","display_name":"Glacial lake","level":3,"score":0.638325035572052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.6136922240257263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74256435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134052","display_name":"Flood myth","level":2,"score":0.5532160997390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15739521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q602963","display_name":"Glacial period","level":2,"score":0.4434860348701477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.42899852991104126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.34685903787612915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.28614139556884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.22216108441352844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12032487988471985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16132307","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16132307","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/13/2307/pdf?version=1719224537","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:04fcd085df674d829a274d18956855aa","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/04fcd085df674d829a274d18956855aa","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 13, p 2307 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16132307","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16132307","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/13/2307/pdf?version=1719224537","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1365634597","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42374039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3953746651","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XZ202301YD0002C-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4045342945","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"24024696-CRAQ717HZ11230008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4665258780","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42374039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6718374297","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFC3001903","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399975256.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W42559810","https://openalex.org/W599139387","https://openalex.org/W1518622944","https://openalex.org/W1961672453","https://openalex.org/W1984576625","https://openalex.org/W2013708248","https://openalex.org/W2024364443","https://openalex.org/W2031044308","https://openalex.org/W2047029664","https://openalex.org/W2068326967","https://openalex.org/W2097762029","https://openalex.org/W2152657318","https://openalex.org/W2166299388","https://openalex.org/W2174009612","https://openalex.org/W2299490468","https://openalex.org/W2463277573","https://openalex.org/W2563150689","https://openalex.org/W2611997817","https://openalex.org/W2698424090","https://openalex.org/W2740036880","https://openalex.org/W2782780823","https://openalex.org/W2797700104","https://openalex.org/W2807223385","https://openalex.org/W2886563310","https://openalex.org/W2912368209","https://openalex.org/W2920135114","https://openalex.org/W2944541498","https://openalex.org/W2986345846","https://openalex.org/W3000094388","https://openalex.org/W3008089569","https://openalex.org/W3027426961","https://openalex.org/W3081544560","https://openalex.org/W3135322269","https://openalex.org/W3162348899","https://openalex.org/W3212370995","https://openalex.org/W4200531049","https://openalex.org/W4200589270","https://openalex.org/W4210436620","https://openalex.org/W4226408612","https://openalex.org/W4281399824","https://openalex.org/W4293546086","https://openalex.org/W4315865980","https://openalex.org/W4362612168","https://openalex.org/W4362631035","https://openalex.org/W4381376966","https://openalex.org/W4388571927","https://openalex.org/W4388636134","https://openalex.org/W6668939958","https://openalex.org/W6731007348"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4290613719","https://openalex.org/W2353864700","https://openalex.org/W2031044308","https://openalex.org/W2112287197","https://openalex.org/W4321996491","https://openalex.org/W4386525227","https://openalex.org/W4213016604","https://openalex.org/W2784443867","https://openalex.org/W4312349739","https://openalex.org/W2550521585"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"On":[0],"4":[1],"October":[2],"2023,":[3],"a":[4,22,45,137,162,212],"glacier":[5],"lake":[6,65,120,146,175],"outburst":[7],"flood":[8],"(GLOF)":[9],"occurred":[10],"at":[11],"South":[12],"Lhonak":[13],"Lake":[14],"in":[15,58,125,186,214],"the":[16,31,59,63,69,74,86,92,119,126,142,145,148,152,155,187,194,199,202,209,215],"northwest":[17],"of":[18,34,48,62,76,118,211,217],"Sikkim,":[19],"India,":[20],"posing":[21],"severe":[23],"threat":[24],"to":[25,55,106,111,192],"downstream":[26],"lives":[27],"and":[28,51,67,91,122,169,177,197,232],"property.":[29],"Given":[30],"serious":[32],"consequences":[33],"GLOFs,":[35],"understanding":[36],"their":[37,238],"triggering":[38,184],"factors":[39],"is":[40,205],"urgent.":[41],"This":[42],"paper":[43],"conducts":[44],"comprehensive":[46],"analysis":[47],"optical":[49,132],"imagery":[50],"InSAR":[52,78,81,166],"deformation":[53,114,139,167],"results":[54,135,168],"study":[56,226],"changes":[57],"surrounding":[60],"surface":[61,113,123],"glacial":[64],"before":[66,147],"after":[68],"GLOF":[70,229],"event.":[71],"To":[72],"expedite":[73],"processing":[75,82,89],"massive":[77],"data,":[79],"an":[80],"system":[83],"based":[84],"on":[85],"SBAS-InSAR":[87],"data":[88],"flow":[90],"AI":[93],"Earth":[94],"cloud":[95],"platform":[96],"was":[97],"developed.":[98],"Sentinel-1":[99],"SAR":[100],"images":[101],"spanning":[102],"from":[103],"January":[104],"2021":[105],"March":[107],"2024":[108],"were":[109,129],"used":[110],"calculate":[112],"velocity.":[115],"The":[116,134],"evolution":[117],"area":[121,128,140,153],"variations":[124],"landslide":[127,156,203,218],"observed":[130],"using":[131],"images.":[133],"reveal":[136],"significant":[138],"within":[141],"moraine":[143,188,195],"encircling":[144],"GLOF,":[149],"aligning":[150],"with":[151],"where":[154],"ultimately":[157],"occurred.":[158],"Further":[159],"research":[160],"suggests":[161],"certain":[163],"correlation":[164],"between":[165],"multiple":[170],"factors,":[171],"such":[172],"as":[173],"rainfall,":[174],"area,":[176],"slope.":[178],"We":[179],"speculate":[180],"that":[181],"heavy":[182],"rainfall":[183],"landslides":[185],"may":[189,227],"have":[190],"contributed":[191],"breaching":[193],"dam":[196],"causing":[198],"GLOF.":[200],"Although":[201],"region":[204],"relatively":[206],"stable":[207],"overall,":[208],"presence":[210],"crack":[213],"toparea":[216],"raises":[219],"concerns":[220],"about":[221],"potential":[222],"secondary":[223],"landslides.":[224],"Our":[225],"improve":[228],"risk":[230],"assessment":[231],"management,":[233],"thereby":[234],"mitigating":[235],"or":[236],"preventing":[237],"hazards.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
