{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399731691","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16122199","title":"IfCMD: A Novel Method for Radar Target Detection under Complex Clutter Backgrounds","display_name":"IfCMD: A Novel Method for Radar Target Detection under Complex Clutter Backgrounds","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399731691","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16122199"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16122199","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16122199","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/12/2199/pdf?version=1718626665","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/12/2199/pdf?version=1718626665","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068930244","display_name":"Chenxi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2472-1860"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenxi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Lab of Radar Signal Processing, Institute of Information Sensing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","National Key Lab of Radar Signal Processing, Institute of Information Sensing, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Lab of Radar Signal Processing, Institute of Information Sensing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Lab of Radar Signal Processing, Institute of Information Sensing, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112697463","display_name":"Yishi Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yishi Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Lab of Radar Signal Processing, Institute of Information Sensing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","National Key Lab of Radar Signal Processing, Institute of Information Sensing, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Lab of Radar Signal Processing, Institute of Information Sensing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Lab of Radar Signal Processing, Institute of Information Sensing, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100651077","display_name":"Wenchao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8875-1161"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wenchao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Lab of Radar Signal Processing, Institute of Information Sensing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","National Key Lab of Radar Signal Processing, Institute of Information Sensing, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Lab of Radar Signal Processing, Institute of Information Sensing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Lab of Radar Signal Processing, Institute of Information Sensing, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011047781","display_name":"Bo Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2702-3758"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Lab of Radar Signal Processing, Institute of Information Sensing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","National Key Lab of Radar Signal Processing, Institute of Information Sensing, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Lab of Radar Signal Processing, Institute of Information Sensing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Lab of Radar Signal Processing, Institute of Information Sensing, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114339926","display_name":"Chang Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8524-7748"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Lab of Radar Signal Processing, Institute of Information Sensing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","National Key Lab of Radar Signal Processing, Institute of Information Sensing, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Lab of Radar Signal Processing, Institute of Information Sensing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Lab of Radar Signal Processing, Institute of Information Sensing, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100411968","display_name":"Hongwei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4046-163X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongwei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Lab of Radar Signal Processing, Institute of Information Sensing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","National Key Lab of Radar Signal Processing, Institute of Information Sensing, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Lab of Radar Signal Processing, Institute of Information Sensing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Lab of Radar Signal Processing, Institute of Information Sensing, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100651077"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":4.1936,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93842115,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"12","first_page":"2199","last_page":"2199"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.9321261644363403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8144271373748779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.680506706237793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5854964852333069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.55845046043396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.5079870820045471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.45155346393585205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4373416602611542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.36305171251296997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08342888951301575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.07504087686538696}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.9321261644363403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8144271373748779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.680506706237793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5854964852333069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.55845046043396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.5079870820045471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.45155346393585205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4373416602611542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36305171251296997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08342888951301575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.07504087686538696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16122199","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16122199","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/12/2199/pdf?version=1718626665","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:26f40529d0f9481ca0e0de1e1812c8b5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/26f40529d0f9481ca0e0de1e1812c8b5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 12, p 2199 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16122199","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16122199","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/12/2199/pdf?version=1718626665","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4174958763","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"QTZX23037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4245713565","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"QTZX22160","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4834824624","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"QTZX22160","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5631434781","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B18039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327912","funder_display_name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7843506534","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U21B2006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8879567429","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B18039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G946136979","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"QTZX23037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327912","display_name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399731691.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978142254","https://openalex.org/W1986921156","https://openalex.org/W1994194722","https://openalex.org/W2037521696","https://openalex.org/W2044017192","https://openalex.org/W2067811180","https://openalex.org/W2142026865","https://openalex.org/W2144158572","https://openalex.org/W2145680191","https://openalex.org/W2153742934","https://openalex.org/W2295751062","https://openalex.org/W2472819217","https://openalex.org/W2604763608","https://openalex.org/W2607603241","https://openalex.org/W2795482375","https://openalex.org/W2911266838","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2964105864","https://openalex.org/W3005680577","https://openalex.org/W3026092005","https://openalex.org/W3027758526","https://openalex.org/W3080427797","https://openalex.org/W3092053846","https://openalex.org/W3096655658","https://openalex.org/W3096804376","https://openalex.org/W3107806454","https://openalex.org/W3126357218","https://openalex.org/W3126873108","https://openalex.org/W3154934604","https://openalex.org/W3163842339","https://openalex.org/W3173772410","https://openalex.org/W3175593095","https://openalex.org/W4206237090","https://openalex.org/W4229014276","https://openalex.org/W4229046846","https://openalex.org/W4280653900","https://openalex.org/W4281682442","https://openalex.org/W4285104183","https://openalex.org/W4287812705","https://openalex.org/W4296106856","https://openalex.org/W4313412656","https://openalex.org/W4353048875","https://openalex.org/W4386141713","https://openalex.org/W4387797236","https://openalex.org/W4390614469","https://openalex.org/W4391164176","https://openalex.org/W4391751968","https://openalex.org/W4393254911","https://openalex.org/W4396613334","https://openalex.org/W6648043011","https://openalex.org/W6682889407","https://openalex.org/W6735236233","https://openalex.org/W6755365793","https://openalex.org/W6776331362","https://openalex.org/W6776700526","https://openalex.org/W6777179611","https://openalex.org/W6784702030","https://openalex.org/W6838286081","https://openalex.org/W6838331119","https://openalex.org/W6991064601"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2130674020","https://openalex.org/W2093748878","https://openalex.org/W2333771223","https://openalex.org/W2120056845","https://openalex.org/W1981531423","https://openalex.org/W4394861761","https://openalex.org/W1977371217","https://openalex.org/W2035264131","https://openalex.org/W1679012645","https://openalex.org/W2012141031"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traditional":[0],"radar":[1,39],"target":[2,40,80],"detectors,":[3],"which":[4,29,161],"are":[5,30,63],"model-driven,":[6],"often":[7],"suffer":[8],"remarkable":[9],"performance":[10,181],"degradation":[11],"in":[12,20,169],"complex":[13],"clutter":[14,168],"environments":[15],"due":[16],"to":[17,84,87,119,121,132,156],"the":[18,22,36,52,57,88,96,102,112,122,137,148,153,163,167,170,193],"weakness":[19],"modeling":[21],"unpredictable":[23],"clutter.":[24,58],"Deep":[25],"learning":[26],"(DL)":[27],"methods,":[28],"data-driven,":[31],"have":[32,162],"been":[33],"introduced":[34],"into":[35,152],"field":[37],"of":[38,71,79,98,192],"detection":[41,180],"(RTD)":[42],"since":[43,65],"their":[44],"intrinsic":[45],"non-linear":[46],"feature":[47],"extraction":[48],"ability":[49,188],"can":[50],"enhance":[51],"separability":[53],"between":[54],"targets":[55,135,164,184],"and":[56,73,82,110,146,185],"However,":[59],"existing":[60],"DL-based":[61],"detectors":[62],"unattractive":[64],"they":[66],"require":[67],"a":[68,106,128],"large":[69],"amount":[70],"independent":[72],"identically":[74],"distributed":[75],"(i.i.d.)":[76],"training":[77],"samples":[78],"tasks":[81,191],"fail":[83],"be":[85],"generalized":[86],"other":[89],"new":[90,123,190],"tasks.":[91],"Given":[92],"this":[93],"issue,":[94],"incorporating":[95],"strategy":[97],"meta-learning,":[99],"we":[100,139],"reformulate":[101],"RTD":[103],"task":[104,124],"as":[105],"few-shot":[107],"classification":[108],"problem":[109],"develop":[111],"Inter-frame":[113],"Contrastive":[114],"Learning-Based":[115],"Meta":[116],"Detector":[117],"(IfCMD)":[118],"generalize":[120],"efficiently":[125],"with":[126,143],"only":[127],"few":[129],"samples.":[130],"Moreover,":[131],"further":[133],"separate":[134],"from":[136],"clutter,":[138],"equip":[140],"our":[141],"model":[142,155],"Siamese":[144],"architecture":[145],"introduce":[147],"supervised":[149],"contrastive":[150],"loss":[151],"proposed":[154,194],"explore":[157],"hard":[158],"negative":[159],"samples,":[160],"overwhelmed":[165],"by":[166],"Doppler":[171],"domain.":[172],"Experimental":[173],"results":[174],"on":[175],"simulated":[176],"data":[177],"demonstrate":[178],"competitive":[179],"for":[182,189],"moving":[183],"superior":[186],"generalization":[187],"method.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
