{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399749984","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16122186","title":"Spatial Spectrum Estimation of Weak Scattering Wave Signal in Range-Doppler Domain","display_name":"Spatial Spectrum Estimation of Weak Scattering Wave Signal in Range-Doppler Domain","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399749984","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16122186"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16122186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16122186","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/12/2186/pdf?version=1718530900","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/12/2186/pdf?version=1718530900","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075129009","display_name":"Hang Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2887-6587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101866834","display_name":"Hong Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4574-5378"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hong Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China","School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027934885","display_name":"Li Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5476-4640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102205674","display_name":"Jiang Jin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064938628","display_name":"Hua Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2599-8674"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hua Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070830535","display_name":"Xiaodong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0355-5610"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143635","display_name":"State Radio Regulation Of China","ror":"https://ror.org/041100z65","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143635","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaodong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubei Radio Monitoring Center, Wuhan 430061, China","School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Radio Monitoring Center, Wuhan 430061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143635"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101866834"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.4714,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63347664,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"12","first_page":"2186","last_page":"2186"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9865999817848206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9865999817848206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10662","display_name":"Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation","score":0.9614999890327454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9448999762535095,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-effect","display_name":"Doppler effect","score":0.5924580097198486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5052350163459778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.4959283769130707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-domain","display_name":"Frequency domain","score":0.4412175416946411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scattering","display_name":"Scattering","score":0.4356893301010132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.41208693385124207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3513321280479431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3445136547088623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.3285628855228424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.23358270525932312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2316083014011383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.15059766173362732}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142757262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436","display_name":"Doppler effect","level":2,"score":0.5924580097198486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5052350163459778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4959283769130707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19118579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786423","display_name":"Frequency domain","level":2,"score":0.4412175416946411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.4356893301010132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.41208693385124207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3513321280479431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3445136547088623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3285628855228424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.23358270525932312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2316083014011383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.15059766173362732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16122186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16122186","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/12/2186/pdf?version=1718530900","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:20924f4ad3764bf88603905bea56edca","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/20924f4ad3764bf88603905bea56edca","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 12, p 2186 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16122186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16122186","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/12/2186/pdf?version=1718530900","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G274198482","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZAHX-ZC-202302","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5807673221","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62071188","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399749984.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975902562","https://openalex.org/W1989956202","https://openalex.org/W2009291374","https://openalex.org/W2058225899","https://openalex.org/W2075511647","https://openalex.org/W2097610668","https://openalex.org/W2099421358","https://openalex.org/W2103665886","https://openalex.org/W2105947220","https://openalex.org/W2106758472","https://openalex.org/W2108016420","https://openalex.org/W2113084775","https://openalex.org/W2113638573","https://openalex.org/W2133143996","https://openalex.org/W2136172079","https://openalex.org/W2136606783","https://openalex.org/W2149755721","https://openalex.org/W2152577477","https://openalex.org/W2153070503","https://openalex.org/W2271790252","https://openalex.org/W2328986802","https://openalex.org/W2545029117","https://openalex.org/W2790163518","https://openalex.org/W2950636122","https://openalex.org/W2963784132","https://openalex.org/W2979390797","https://openalex.org/W4385978959"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2084997001","https://openalex.org/W1967204941","https://openalex.org/W2371035601","https://openalex.org/W210855175","https://openalex.org/W2089624481","https://openalex.org/W2106029274","https://openalex.org/W2091948642","https://openalex.org/W3105009518","https://openalex.org/W1987350696","https://openalex.org/W2092363877"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"How":[0],"to":[1,110],"enhance":[2],"the":[3,16,20,24,32,39,48,68,90,93,101,108,113,122,127,144,172,175,182],"desired":[4],"signal":[5,56,166],"with":[6,192],"low":[7],"signal-to-noise":[8],"ratio":[9],"(SNR)":[10],"is":[11,43,57,82,157,178],"a":[12,163,187],"difficult":[13],"problem":[14],"in":[15,38,45],"estimation":[17,37,105,134,149,155,184],"process":[18],"of":[19,23,34,52,92,115,131,138,147,150,162,174,186,189],"direction-of-arrival":[21],"(DOA)":[22],"target":[25,118],"scattering":[26,54,119],"wave":[27,55],"signal.":[28],"In":[29,170],"this":[30,66],"paper,":[31],"feasibility":[33],"spatial":[35,153],"spectrum":[36,154],"Range-Doppler":[40],"(RD)":[41],"domain":[42,79,103,152],"analyzed":[44],"principle,":[46],"and":[47,87,121],"SNR":[49],"gain":[50],"expression":[51],"weak":[53,95,117],"derived":[58],"when":[59],"constructing":[60],"multi-snapshots":[61],"virtual":[62],"array":[63],"data.":[64,197],"On":[65],"basis,":[67],"mutual":[69],"eigenvector":[70],"singular":[71],"value":[72],"decomposition":[73],"(MESVD)":[74],"method":[75,106,156,177],"based":[76],"on":[77],"RD":[78,102,151],"mode":[80],"excitation":[81],"proposed,":[83],"which":[84],"can":[85,125],"robustly":[86],"effectively":[88],"estimate":[89],"direction":[91,114],"coherent":[94],"signals.":[96],"Simulation":[97],"experiments":[98,141],"verify":[99],"that":[100,143,161],"spectral":[104,133],"has":[107],"ability":[109],"simultaneously":[111],"obtain":[112],"multiple":[116,165],"waves,":[120],"direction-finding":[123],"accuracy":[124],"reach":[126],"Cramer\u2013Rao":[128],"bound":[129],"(CRB)":[130],"conventional":[132,164],"method.":[135,169],"The":[136],"results":[137,185],"Monte":[139],"Carlo":[140],"show":[142],"root-mean-square-error":[145],"(RMSE)":[146],"azimuth":[148],"5.76\u00b0":[158],"lower":[159],"than":[160],"classification":[167],"(MUSIC)":[168],"addition,":[171],"practicability":[173],"proposed":[176],"demonstrated":[179],"by":[180],"comparing":[181],"DOA":[183],"set":[188],"real":[190],"data":[191],"Automatic":[193],"Dependent":[194],"Surveillance-Broadcast":[195],"(ADS-B)":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}