{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399496636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16122084","title":"Reconstruction of High-Resolution 3D GPR Data from 2D Profiles: A Multiple-Point Statistical Approach","display_name":"Reconstruction of High-Resolution 3D GPR Data from 2D Profiles: A Multiple-Point Statistical Approach","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399496636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16122084"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16122084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16122084","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/12/2084/pdf?version=1717855519","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/12/2084/pdf?version=1717855519","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103252244","display_name":"Chongmin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5156-4662"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97565354","display_name":"University of Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/019whta54","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97565354"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chongmin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97565354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027287559","display_name":"Mathieu Gravey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0871-1507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138211613","display_name":"Austrian Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03anc3s24","country_code":"AT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138211613"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090658","display_name":"Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research","ror":"https://ror.org/009syct46","country_code":"AT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138211613","https://openalex.org/I4210090658"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mathieu Gravey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090658","https://openalex.org/I138211613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065326632","display_name":"Gr\u00e9goire Mariethoz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8820-2808"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97565354","display_name":"University of Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/019whta54","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97565354"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gr\u00e9goire Mari\u00e9thoz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97565354"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080700544","display_name":"James Irving","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9833-206X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97565354","display_name":"University of Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/019whta54","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97565354"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"James Irving","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97565354"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080700544"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97565354"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.9748,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84356468,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"12","first_page":"2084","last_page":"2084"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10572","display_name":"Geophysical and Geoelectrical Methods","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.8831131458282471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classification-of-discontinuities","display_name":"Classification of discontinuities","score":0.7608287334442139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpolation","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","score":0.6268244385719299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line","display_name":"Line (geometry)","score":0.5882704257965088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.557016909122467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.5456408262252808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5420234799385071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.4934138357639313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.4731650948524475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scan-line","display_name":"Scan line","score":0.45814061164855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4526692032814026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.39792153239250183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1849813461303711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.18239223957061768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.1641375720500946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.15117689967155457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10980051755905151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.10845312476158142}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.8831131458282471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15627037","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541961","display_name":"Classification of discontinuities","level":2,"score":0.7608287334442139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137800194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11713455","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","level":3,"score":0.6268244385719299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5882704257965088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.557016909122467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.5456408262252808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5420234799385071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.4934138357639313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4731650948524475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142748172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3240002","display_name":"Scan line","level":4,"score":0.45814061164855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4526692032814026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.39792153239250183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1849813461303711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.18239223957061768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.1641375720500946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.15117689967155457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10980051755905151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.10845312476158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78201319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685727","display_name":"Grayscale","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16122084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16122084","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/12/2084/pdf?version=1717855519","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:serval.unil.ch:BIB_718F87FE1481","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://serval.unil.ch/notice/serval:BIB_718F87FE1481","pdf_url":"https://iris.unil.ch/bitstreams/faad0f83-4ab3-4572-a57e-1bbf47cc2fb8/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401797","display_name":"SERVAL (Universit\u00e9 de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210093590","host_organization_name":"Swiss School of Archaeology in Greece","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, vol. 16, no. 12, pp. 2084","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/submittedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f9834ad0df4a4e7f9ae54f580d3cc2bc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f9834ad0df4a4e7f9ae54f580d3cc2bc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 12, p 2084 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unil.ch:iris/150930","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://iris.unil.ch/handle/iris/150930","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055444","display_name":"IRIS","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16122084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16122084","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/12/2084/pdf?version=1717855519","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6230293037","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202008170016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8589651859","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323831","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/019whta54"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399496636.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W40619706","https://openalex.org/W118094499","https://openalex.org/W1480103247","https://openalex.org/W1499512010","https://openalex.org/W1537810918","https://openalex.org/W1555352657","https://openalex.org/W1981607562","https://openalex.org/W1991133612","https://openalex.org/W1995726128","https://openalex.org/W2054390655","https://openalex.org/W2091294729","https://openalex.org/W2094364148","https://openalex.org/W2101828713","https://openalex.org/W2123617947","https://openalex.org/W2133629708","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2139536096","https://openalex.org/W2142161594","https://openalex.org/W2145308816","https://openalex.org/W2152612388","https://openalex.org/W2244384457","https://openalex.org/W2395283809","https://openalex.org/W2487475752","https://openalex.org/W2518909974","https://openalex.org/W2567087303","https://openalex.org/W2605024273","https://openalex.org/W2724442046","https://openalex.org/W2811199783","https://openalex.org/W2928069655","https://openalex.org/W2938035085","https://openalex.org/W2966795672","https://openalex.org/W2999042258","https://openalex.org/W3004193582","https://openalex.org/W3024931925","https://openalex.org/W3033857448","https://openalex.org/W3137300716","https://openalex.org/W3139399265","https://openalex.org/W3159230676","https://openalex.org/W4252656192","https://openalex.org/W4310717794","https://openalex.org/W4315487021","https://openalex.org/W4388929301","https://openalex.org/W4390821928","https://openalex.org/W6712305420","https://openalex.org/W6861011350"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2946057701","https://openalex.org/W4386931161","https://openalex.org/W2374146176","https://openalex.org/W2065249286","https://openalex.org/W4315471419","https://openalex.org/W2366839571","https://openalex.org/W4223960160","https://openalex.org/W2027762722","https://openalex.org/W2356754952","https://openalex.org/W3090858966"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ground-penetrating":[0],"radar":[1],"(GPR)":[2],"is":[3,45,60,128,225],"a":[4,17,35,58,67,76,84,141,149,165,172,268],"popular":[5],"geophysical":[6],"tool":[7],"for":[8,53],"mapping":[9],"the":[10,54,71,81,89,101,110,118,130,137,158,181,189,210,220,231,241,274,280],"underground.":[11],"High-resolution":[12],"3D":[13,63,151,212,270],"GPR":[14,152,255],"data":[15,33,192,256],"carry":[16],"large":[18],"amount":[19],"of":[20,56,174,244],"information":[21],"and":[22,48,183,204,228,233,251,273],"can":[23,106,122],"greatly":[24],"help":[25],"to":[26,65,99,163,247],"interpret":[27],"complex":[28,199],"subsurface":[29,111],"geometries.":[30],"However,":[31],"such":[32,124],"require":[34],"dense":[36,77,269],"collection":[37],"along":[38,80],"closely":[39],"spaced":[40],"parallel":[41],"survey":[42,262],"lines,":[43,73],"which":[44,105,198],"time":[46],"consuming":[47],"costly.":[49],"In":[50,132],"many":[51],"cases,":[52],"sake":[55],"efficiency,":[57],"choice":[59],"made":[61],"during":[62],"acquisitions":[64],"use":[66],"larger":[68],"spacing":[69,79],"between":[70],"profile":[72,191,222],"resulting":[74],"in":[75,88,117,157,179,209,230],"measurement":[78],"lines":[82,263],"but":[83,121],"much":[85],"coarser":[86],"one":[87],"across-line":[90,119,159,184,234],"direction.":[91],"Simple":[92],"interpolation":[93],"methods":[94],"are":[95,113,202,236,264,277],"then":[96],"commonly":[97],"used":[98],"increase":[100],"sampling":[102,156],"before":[103],"interpretation,":[104],"work":[107],"well":[108,115],"when":[109,126],"structures":[112,125,214],"already":[114],"sampled":[116],"direction":[120],"distort":[123],"this":[127,133],"not":[129],"case.":[131],"work,":[134],"we":[135,161],"address":[136],"latter":[138],"problem":[139],"using":[140,171],"novel":[142],"multiple-point":[143],"geostatistical":[144],"(MPS)":[145],"simulation":[146],"methodology.":[147],"For":[148,186],"considered":[150],"dataset":[153,170],"with":[154,279],"reduced":[155],"direction,":[160],"attempt":[162],"reconstruct":[164],"more":[166],"densely":[167],"spaced,":[168],"high-resolution":[169],"series":[173],"2D":[175,218],"conditional":[176],"stochastic":[177],"simulations":[178,229],"both":[180],"along-line":[182,232],"directions.":[185],"these":[187],"simulations,":[188,219],"existing":[190],"serve":[193],"as":[194],"training":[195],"images":[196],"from":[197,267],"spatial":[200,213],"patterns":[201],"quantified":[203],"reproduced.":[205],"To":[206],"reduce":[207],"discontinuities":[208],"generated":[211],"caused":[215],"by":[216],"independent":[217],"target":[221],"being":[223],"simulated":[224],"chosen":[226],"randomly,":[227],"directions":[235],"performed":[237],"alternately.":[238],"We":[239],"show":[240],"successful":[242],"application":[243],"our":[245],"approach":[246],"100":[248],"MHz":[249,253],"synthetic":[250],"200":[252],"field":[254],"under":[257],"multiple":[258],"decimation":[259],"scenarios":[260],"where":[261],"regularly":[265],"deleted":[266],"reference":[271],"dataset,":[272],"corresponding":[275],"reconstructions":[276],"compared":[278],"original":[281],"data.":[282]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}