{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399390222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16112038","title":"Changes in Global Aviation Turbulence in the Remote Sensing Era (1979\u20132018)","display_name":"Changes in Global Aviation Turbulence in the Remote Sensing Era (1979\u20132018)","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399390222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16112038"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16112038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16112038","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/11/2038/pdf?version=1717665171","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/11/2038/pdf?version=1717665171","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059309893","display_name":"Diandong Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5757-7527"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205640436","display_name":"Curtin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n415q13","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Diandong Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068276767","display_name":"M. J. Lynch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4003-0880"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205640436","display_name":"Curtin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n415q13","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mervyn J. Lynch","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059309893"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.1935,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76597671,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"11","first_page":"2038","last_page":"2038"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9772999882698059,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aviation","display_name":"Aviation","score":0.581113874912262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbulence","display_name":"Turbulence","score":0.5150270462036133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.48732051253318787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.4215960204601288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4062851369380951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.3755076229572296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aeronautics","display_name":"Aeronautics","score":0.3366655707359314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.22818759083747864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.21201637387275696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1181669533252716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74448152","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q765633","display_name":"Aviation","level":2,"score":0.581113874912262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196558001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190132","display_name":"Turbulence","level":2,"score":0.5150270462036133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.48732051253318787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.4215960204601288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4062851369380951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.3755076229572296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178802073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421","display_name":"Aeronautics","level":1,"score":0.3366655707359314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.22818759083747864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.21201637387275696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1181669533252716}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16112038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16112038","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/11/2038/pdf?version=1717665171","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3313daf693cd46799cf013b97bc61f3c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3313daf693cd46799cf013b97bc61f3c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 11, p 2038 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16112038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16112038","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/11/2038/pdf?version=1717665171","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.6000000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399390222.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1671560863","https://openalex.org/W1798891152","https://openalex.org/W1953731725","https://openalex.org/W1964493100","https://openalex.org/W1966973379","https://openalex.org/W1967631964","https://openalex.org/W1968915588","https://openalex.org/W1975424828","https://openalex.org/W1986128637","https://openalex.org/W1989120577","https://openalex.org/W1997755951","https://openalex.org/W2001434030","https://openalex.org/W2010284539","https://openalex.org/W2016557460","https://openalex.org/W2018011148","https://openalex.org/W2024330627","https://openalex.org/W2025544603","https://openalex.org/W2032517234","https://openalex.org/W2038742869","https://openalex.org/W2045206423","https://openalex.org/W2051387452","https://openalex.org/W2054650627","https://openalex.org/W2057241469","https://openalex.org/W2062649821","https://openalex.org/W2074614470","https://openalex.org/W2078030647","https://openalex.org/W2078784019","https://openalex.org/W2085937313","https://openalex.org/W2095561275","https://openalex.org/W2098552207","https://openalex.org/W2102148809","https://openalex.org/W2103140451","https://openalex.org/W2105748500","https://openalex.org/W2121745948","https://openalex.org/W2145426820","https://openalex.org/W2147451346","https://openalex.org/W2151056285","https://openalex.org/W2153463079","https://openalex.org/W2161851909","https://openalex.org/W2167453193","https://openalex.org/W2169993534","https://openalex.org/W2170798929","https://openalex.org/W2173251738","https://openalex.org/W2175753836","https://openalex.org/W2263496280","https://openalex.org/W2604220287","https://openalex.org/W2749586915","https://openalex.org/W2790060080","https://openalex.org/W2888514439","https://openalex.org/W2917086543","https://openalex.org/W2919314290","https://openalex.org/W2946131833","https://openalex.org/W2947510547","https://openalex.org/W3025949386","https://openalex.org/W3038514690","https://openalex.org/W3110387248","https://openalex.org/W3134548783","https://openalex.org/W3165297340","https://openalex.org/W3209728674","https://openalex.org/W4205990175","https://openalex.org/W4245826308","https://openalex.org/W4254806433","https://openalex.org/W4308025863","https://openalex.org/W4313333082","https://openalex.org/W4380048290","https://openalex.org/W6683392041","https://openalex.org/W6796131895","https://openalex.org/W6806671427","https://openalex.org/W7052907387"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2254414496","https://openalex.org/W2890665354","https://openalex.org/W591202335","https://openalex.org/W319941286","https://openalex.org/W587136344","https://openalex.org/W851444952","https://openalex.org/W3184101823","https://openalex.org/W2228139345","https://openalex.org/W78353031"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Atmospheric":[0],"turbulence":[1,65,84,93,163,222],"primarily":[2],"originates":[3],"from":[4,67],"abrupt":[5],"density":[6],"variations":[7],"in":[8,130,152],"a":[9,96,138,146,183,195,211,216],"vertically":[10],"stratified":[11],"atmosphere.":[12],"Based":[13],"on":[14,101],"the":[15,30,34,45,51,71,83,102,112,142,153,219],"prognostic":[16],"equation":[17],"of":[18,33,50,116,149,155,187,197],"turbulent":[19],"kinetic":[20],"energy":[21,77],"(TKE),":[22],"we":[23,42,99],"here":[24],"chose":[25],"three":[26],"indicators":[27],"corresponding":[28],"to":[29,63,81,107,215,225],"forcing":[31],"terms":[32],"TKE":[35],"generation.":[36],"By":[37],"utilizing":[38],"ERA5":[39],"reanalysis":[40],"data,":[41],"investigate":[43],"first":[44],"maximum":[46,73],"achievable":[47],"daily":[48,72],"thickness":[49],"planetary":[52],"boundary":[53],"layer":[54],"(PBL).":[55],"The":[56],"gradient":[57],"Richardson":[58],"number":[59,115,154],"(Ri)":[60],"is":[61,79,223],"used":[62],"represent":[64],"arising":[66],"shear":[68,119,160],"instability":[69,120,167],"and":[70,135,176,209],"convective":[74,87,166],"available":[75],"potential":[76],"(CAPE)":[78],"examined":[80],"understand":[82],"linked":[85],"with":[86,165],"instability.":[88,161],"Our":[89,201],"analysis":[90],"encompasses":[91],"global":[92,220],"trends.":[94],"As":[95],"case":[97],"study,":[98],"focus":[100],"North":[103],"Atlantic":[104],"Corridor":[105],"(NAC)":[106],"reveal":[108],"notable":[109,147],"insights.":[110],"Specifically,":[111],"mean":[113],"annual":[114],"hours":[117,156],"featuring":[118],"(Ri":[121],"<":[122],"0.25)":[123],"surged":[124],"by":[125],"more":[126],"than":[127],"300":[128],"h":[129],"consecutive":[131],"20-year":[132],"periods:":[133],"1979\u20131998":[134],"1999\u20132018.":[136],"Moreover,":[137],"substantial":[139],"subset":[140],"within":[141],"NAC":[143],"region":[144],"exhibited":[145],"rise":[148],"over":[150],"10%":[151],"characterized":[157],"as":[158,205],"severe":[159],"Contrarily,":[162],"associated":[164],"(CAPE":[168],">":[169],"2":[170],"kJ/kg),":[171],"which":[172],"can":[173],"necessitate":[174],"rerouting":[175],"pose":[177],"significant":[178],"aviation":[179],"safety":[180],"challenges,":[181],"displays":[182],"decline.":[184],"Remote":[185],"sensing":[186],"clouds":[188],"confirms":[189],"these":[190],"assertions.":[191],"This":[192],"decline":[193],"contains":[194],"component":[196],"inherent":[198],"natural":[199],"variability.":[200],"findings":[202],"suggest":[203],"that,":[204],"air":[206],"viscosity":[207],"increases":[208],"hence":[210],"thickened":[212],"PBL":[213],"due":[214],"warming":[217],"climate,":[218],"inflight":[221],"poised":[224],"intensify.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2024-06-07T00:00:00"}