{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4398236191","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16111859","title":"Estimating Forest Aboveground Biomass Using a Combination of Geographical Random Forest and Empirical Bayesian Kriging Models","display_name":"Estimating Forest Aboveground Biomass Using a Combination of Geographical Random Forest and Empirical Bayesian Kriging Models","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4398236191","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16111859"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16111859","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16111859","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/11/1859/pdf?version=1716464625","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/11/1859/pdf?version=1716464625","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015552047","display_name":"Zhenjiang Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5329-4917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenjiang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","The Key Laboratory of Earth Observation of Hainan Province, Hainan Aerospace Information Research Institute, Sanya 572000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Key Laboratory of Earth Observation of Hainan Province, Hainan Aerospace Information Research Institute, Sanya 572000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082595372","display_name":"Fengmei Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5522-2108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fengmei Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100752524","display_name":"Jiahua Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2894-9627"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiahua Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","The Key Laboratory of Earth Observation of Hainan Province, Hainan Aerospace Information Research Institute, Sanya 572000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Key Laboratory of Earth Observation of Hainan Province, Hainan Aerospace Information Research Institute, Sanya 572000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100444754","display_name":"Haoyu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6554-686X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoyu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100752524"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":4.308,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95040335,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"11","first_page":"1859","last_page":"1859"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.8048953413963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kriging","display_name":"Kriging","score":0.6815069913864136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6344455480575562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-modelling","display_name":"Empirical modelling","score":0.47929733991622925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomass","display_name":"Biomass (ecology)","score":0.4750542640686035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.43401873111724854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-analysis","display_name":"Spatial analysis","score":0.4289740324020386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.42198628187179565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3464549481868744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.299325168132782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.28843969106674194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.13733991980552673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.11418160796165466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.09676685929298401}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.8048953413963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81692654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q225926","display_name":"Kriging","level":2,"score":0.6815069913864136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6344455480575562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133199616","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25386885","display_name":"Empirical modelling","level":2,"score":0.47929733991622925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115540264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2945560","display_name":"Biomass (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.4750542640686035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.43401873111724854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.4289740324020386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.42198628187179565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3464549481868744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.299325168132782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.28843969106674194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.13733991980552673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.11418160796165466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.09676685929298401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16111859","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16111859","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/11/1859/pdf?version=1716464625","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d2a0ccaeaf9042b0acf02155e18a7e65","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d2a0ccaeaf9042b0acf02155e18a7e65","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 11, p 1859 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16111859","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16111859","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/11/1859/pdf?version=1716464625","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.7400000095367432,"display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4398236191.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966052311","https://openalex.org/W1973681195","https://openalex.org/W1994221921","https://openalex.org/W2006929658","https://openalex.org/W2012519352","https://openalex.org/W2024027663","https://openalex.org/W2041777957","https://openalex.org/W2043962305","https://openalex.org/W2054010562","https://openalex.org/W2059523177","https://openalex.org/W2061918237","https://openalex.org/W2066174685","https://openalex.org/W2084744129","https://openalex.org/W2128728535","https://openalex.org/W2132299303","https://openalex.org/W2132522214","https://openalex.org/W2139709933","https://openalex.org/W2145340239","https://openalex.org/W2149813070","https://openalex.org/W2158143121","https://openalex.org/W2338779854","https://openalex.org/W2488702363","https://openalex.org/W2508131240","https://openalex.org/W2561184891","https://openalex.org/W2588891489","https://openalex.org/W2801032191","https://openalex.org/W2804466639","https://openalex.org/W2804933989","https://openalex.org/W2883666593","https://openalex.org/W2898022513","https://openalex.org/W2912041037","https://openalex.org/W2930389570","https://openalex.org/W2945750834","https://openalex.org/W2954811610","https://openalex.org/W2965977570","https://openalex.org/W2985495555","https://openalex.org/W2990882407","https://openalex.org/W2998570674","https://openalex.org/W3006605730","https://openalex.org/W3006903980","https://openalex.org/W3009990201","https://openalex.org/W3046162644","https://openalex.org/W3093357290","https://openalex.org/W3094643344","https://openalex.org/W3163215109","https://openalex.org/W3173833413","https://openalex.org/W3184401950","https://openalex.org/W3197245390","https://openalex.org/W4210622816","https://openalex.org/W4317106342","https://openalex.org/W4362678351","https://openalex.org/W4367041732","https://openalex.org/W4385324452","https://openalex.org/W4387906356","https://openalex.org/W6641959957","https://openalex.org/W6681862266","https://openalex.org/W6725533128","https://openalex.org/W6770851722","https://openalex.org/W6795362736"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968523686","https://openalex.org/W298893735","https://openalex.org/W2199291344","https://openalex.org/W4210770325","https://openalex.org/W2211316729","https://openalex.org/W2167342507","https://openalex.org/W4396689146","https://openalex.org/W4200112873","https://openalex.org/W2955796858","https://openalex.org/W2004826645"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurately":[0],"estimating":[1],"forest":[2,18,23,35,94,111,178,189,319,328],"aboveground":[3,190],"biomass":[4,191],"(AGB)":[5,192],"is":[6],"imperative":[7],"for":[8,64,128,196,260,317],"comprehending":[9],"carbon":[10,13],"cycling,":[11],"calculating":[12],"budgets,":[14],"and":[15,25,71,95,176,198,226,234,240,248,265,277,290,313],"formulating":[16],"sustainable":[17],"management":[19],"plans.":[20],"Currently,":[21],"random":[22,93,110],"(RF)":[24],"other":[26,278],"machine":[27,216],"learning":[28],"models":[29,60,247],"are":[30,283],"widely":[31],"used":[32],"to":[33,62,126,143,303,325],"estimate":[34],"AGB,":[36,134],"as":[37,181],"they":[38],"can":[39],"effectively":[40],"handle":[41],"nonlinear":[42],"relationships.":[43],"However,":[44],"by":[45,258],"constructing":[46],"a":[47,56,88],"global":[48,327],"model":[49,102],"using":[50,249],"all":[51],"the":[52,65,69,74,79,104,114,129,133,138,145,177,182,200,208,230,235,245,281,285],"samples":[53,193],"collected":[54,195],"from":[55,164,169],"study":[57,149],"area,":[58],"these":[59,84],"fail":[61],"account":[63,127],"spatial":[66,130,139],"heterogeneity":[67,131],"in":[68,152,263],"AGB":[70,264,320],"cannot":[72],"correct":[73,144],"prediction":[75,146,267],"biases,":[76,268],"thereby":[77],"constraining":[78],"estimation":[80,321],"accuracy.":[81,202],"To":[82],"overcome":[83],"limitations,":[85],"we":[86],"proposed":[87],"novel":[89],"approach":[90,316],"termed":[91],"geographical":[92,109,295],"empirical":[96,119],"Bayesian":[97,120],"kriging":[98,121],"(GRFEBK).":[99],"This":[100,148],"hybrid":[101],"combines":[103],"localized":[105],"modeling":[106,197],"capability":[107],"of":[108,118,132,141,187,288],"(GRF)":[112],"with":[113,322],"bias":[115],"correction":[116],"strength":[117],"(EBK).":[122],"GRF":[123,250],"adapts":[124],"RF":[125,276],"while":[135],"EBK":[136,252],"utilizes":[137],"autocorrelation":[140],"residuals":[142],"deviations.":[147],"was":[150],"conducted":[151],"Hainan":[153],"Island,":[154],"utilizing":[155],"spectral":[156],"bands,":[157],"vegetation":[158],"indices,":[159],"tasseled":[160],"cap":[161],"components":[162],"derived":[163],"Landsat-8":[165],"imagery,":[166],"backscattering":[167],"coefficients":[168],"ALOS-2":[170],"synthetic":[171],"aperture":[172],"radar,":[173],"topographic":[174],"features,":[175],"canopy":[179],"height":[180],"explanatory":[183],"variables.":[184],"A":[185],"total":[186],"195":[188],"were":[194],"assessing":[199],"predictive":[201],"The":[203],"results":[204,255,282],"demonstrate":[205,256],"that,":[206],"among":[207],"tested":[209],"models,":[210],"including":[211],"GRFEBK,":[212],"RF,":[213],"support":[214,326],"vector":[215],"(SVM),":[217],"k-nearest":[218],"neighbor":[219],"(KNN),":[220],"geographically":[221],"weighted":[222],"regression":[223],"(GWR),":[224],"GRF,":[225],"EBK,":[227],"GRFEBK":[228,269,289,309],"attains":[229],"highest":[231],"R2":[232],"(0.78)":[233],"lowest":[236],"RMSE":[237],"(36.04":[238],"Mg/ha)":[239],"RRMSE":[241],"(22.87%),":[242],"significantly":[243,271],"outperforming":[244],"conventional":[246,275],"or":[251],"alone.":[253],"These":[254],"that":[257],"accounting":[259],"local":[261],"non-stationarity":[262],"correcting":[266],"achieves":[270],"higher":[272],"accuracy":[273],"than":[274],"models.":[279],"While":[280],"promising,":[284],"computational":[286],"cost":[287],"its":[291,305],"performance":[292],"under":[293],"varying":[294],"conditions":[296],"warrant":[297],"further":[298],"investigation":[299],"at":[300],"larger":[301],"scales":[302],"assess":[304],"broader":[306],"applicability.":[307],"Nevertheless,":[308],"provides":[310],"an":[311],"innovative":[312],"more":[314],"reliable":[315],"accurate":[318],"great":[323],"potential":[324],"resource":[329],"monitoring.":[330]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
