{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396242467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16091559","title":"A Multi-Level Robust Positioning Method for Three-Dimensional Ground Penetrating Radar (3D GPR) Road Underground Imaging in Dense Urban Areas","display_name":"A Multi-Level Robust Positioning Method for Three-Dimensional Ground Penetrating Radar (3D GPR) Road Underground Imaging in Dense Urban Areas","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396242467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16091559"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16091559","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16091559","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16091559","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100620212","display_name":"Ju Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4325-3481"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1327237609","display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01mv9t934","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14116566","display_name":"Wuhan Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05w0e5j23","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14116566"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ju Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of National Geographic Census and Monitoring, Ministry of Natural Resources, Wuhan 430072, China","School of Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan City Polytechnic, Wuhan 430072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of National Geographic Census and Monitoring, Ministry of Natural Resources, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609","https://openalex.org/I211433327"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan City Polytechnic, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14116566"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034945418","display_name":"Qingwu Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingwu Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114049465","display_name":"Yemei Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14116566","display_name":"Wuhan Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05w0e5j23","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14116566"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yemei Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan City Polytechnic, Wuhan 430072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan City Polytechnic, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14116566"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101636588","display_name":"Pengcheng Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengcheng Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060441090","display_name":"Xuzhe Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8505-9789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuzhe Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100620212"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609","https://openalex.org/I14116566","https://openalex.org/I211433327"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.6975,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92699878,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"9","first_page":"1559","last_page":"1559"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.842575192451477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.7847212553024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6143291592597961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5401270985603333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.46008989214897156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.4564230144023895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distortion","display_name":"Distortion (music)","score":0.43141552805900574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positioning-technology","display_name":"Positioning technology","score":0.41997015476226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3625044822692871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3359218239784241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.29593443870544434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.07494059205055237}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.842575192451477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.7847212553024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6143291592597961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5401270985603333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.46008989214897156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.4564230144023895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.43141552805900574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778075934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Positioning technology","level":2,"score":0.41997015476226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3625044822692871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3359218239784241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.29593443870544434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.07494059205055237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16091559","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16091559","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dbff4058106c40fa976db1fb8f3b2934","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dbff4058106c40fa976db1fb8f3b2934","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 9, p 1559 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16091559","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16091559","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7799999713897705,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980893636","https://openalex.org/W2005273020","https://openalex.org/W2031942231","https://openalex.org/W2046451379","https://openalex.org/W2050776140","https://openalex.org/W2126704123","https://openalex.org/W2140434115","https://openalex.org/W2145308816","https://openalex.org/W2162985416","https://openalex.org/W2571407923","https://openalex.org/W2774764349","https://openalex.org/W2782899921","https://openalex.org/W2800778957","https://openalex.org/W2811199783","https://openalex.org/W2963189834","https://openalex.org/W2985302978","https://openalex.org/W3000326071","https://openalex.org/W3011203910","https://openalex.org/W3015278724","https://openalex.org/W3091398351","https://openalex.org/W3098686394","https://openalex.org/W3104020676","https://openalex.org/W3123843678","https://openalex.org/W3128172947","https://openalex.org/W3129245057","https://openalex.org/W3139399265","https://openalex.org/W3159400523","https://openalex.org/W3173329620","https://openalex.org/W3177996989","https://openalex.org/W3200643637","https://openalex.org/W4211048529","https://openalex.org/W4362463470","https://openalex.org/W7065308268"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4315471419","https://openalex.org/W2946057701","https://openalex.org/W4386931161","https://openalex.org/W2374146176","https://openalex.org/W2065249286","https://openalex.org/W2366839571","https://openalex.org/W4223960160","https://openalex.org/W2027762722","https://openalex.org/W2356754952","https://openalex.org/W3090858966"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Three-Dimensional":[0],"Ground":[1],"Penetrating":[2],"Radar":[3],"(3D":[4],"GPR)":[5],"detects":[6],"subsurface":[7,105],"targets":[8],"non-destructively,":[9],"rapidly,":[10],"and":[11,41,82,113,140,160,181,190],"continuously.":[12],"The":[13,26],"complex":[14],"environment":[15],"around":[16],"urban":[17,65,166,176],"roads":[18,167],"affects":[19,30],"the":[20,31,57],"positioning":[21,27,36,53,58,84,103,135,151],"accuracy":[22,28,59,152],"of":[23,43,60,104,153,164],"3D":[24,44,61,141,154,162],"GPR.":[25],"directly":[29],"data":[32,91,106,139,173],"quality,":[33],"as":[34,115,117],"inaccurate":[35],"can":[37,85,107],"lead":[38],"to":[39,55,69],"distortion":[40],"misalignment":[42],"GPR":[45,62,155],"data.":[46,74,144],"This":[47,171],"paper":[48],"proposed":[49],"a":[50,150],"multi-level":[51],"robust":[52],"method":[54,148],"improve":[56],"in":[63,67,96,124,168,186],"dense":[64],"areas":[66],"order":[68],"obtain":[70],"more":[71],"accurate":[72],"underground":[73,165,178,187],"In":[75,145],"environments":[76],"with":[77,98,126],"good":[78],"GNSS":[79,90,94,100,112,128],"signals,":[80,101,129],"fast":[81],"high-precision":[83,102],"be":[86,108],"achieved":[87,109],"based":[88,136],"on":[89,137],"using":[92,111,118],"differential":[93],"technology;":[95,123],"scenes":[97,125],"weak":[99],"by":[110],"IMU":[114],"well":[116],"GNSS/INS":[119],"tightly":[120],"coupled":[121],"solution":[122],"no":[127],"SLAM":[130],"technology":[131],"is":[132],"used":[133],"for":[134,175],"INS":[138],"point":[142],"cloud":[143],"summary,":[146],"this":[147],"ensures":[149],"better":[156],"than":[157],"10":[158],"cm":[159],"high-quality":[161],"images":[163],"any":[169],"environment.":[170],"provides":[172],"support":[174],"road":[177],"structure":[179],"surveys":[180],"has":[182],"broad":[183],"application":[184],"prospects":[185],"disease":[188],"detection":[189],"prevention.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
