{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394877244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16081426","title":"Through-Wall Imaging Using Low-Cost Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave Radar Sensors","display_name":"Through-Wall Imaging Using Low-Cost Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave Radar Sensors","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394877244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16081426"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16081426","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16081426","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/8/1426/pdf?version=1713364301","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/8/1426/pdf?version=1713364301","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102922117","display_name":"Mirel Paun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0851-8296"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140482","display_name":"Constanta Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/03xay8k75","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140482"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mirel Paun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Constanta Maritime University, 900663 Constanta, Romania"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Constanta Maritime University, 900663 Constanta, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140482"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102922117"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140482"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.0373,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90292633,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"8","first_page":"1426","last_page":"1426"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5828954577445984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/displacement","display_name":"Displacement (psychology)","score":0.5418880581855774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5140891671180725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.4975719749927521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.4936164617538452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interferometry","display_name":"Interferometry","score":0.4860580265522003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.4496394693851471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.4116082787513733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.28477293252944946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2646496891975403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17047199606895447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09145843982696533}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5828954577445984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107551265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1458245","display_name":"Displacement (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5418880581855774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5140891671180725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.4975719749927521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.4936164617538452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166689943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850283","display_name":"Interferometry","level":2,"score":0.4860580265522003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.4496394693851471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.4116082787513733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.28477293252944946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2646496891975403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17047199606895447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09145843982696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16081426","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16081426","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/8/1426/pdf?version=1713364301","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:198239b4690046069e8edb3041fe8b13","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/198239b4690046069e8edb3041fe8b13","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 8, p 1426 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16081426","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16081426","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/8/1426/pdf?version=1713364301","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.5799999833106995,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394877244.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1906033628","https://openalex.org/W2076094691","https://openalex.org/W2123989058","https://openalex.org/W2139534313","https://openalex.org/W2146224786","https://openalex.org/W2617720975","https://openalex.org/W2762246393","https://openalex.org/W2888230498","https://openalex.org/W2900963491","https://openalex.org/W4242047983","https://openalex.org/W4242542015","https://openalex.org/W4313216340","https://openalex.org/W4368347746"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1988809445","https://openalex.org/W2112026144","https://openalex.org/W2045753504","https://openalex.org/W2016541458","https://openalex.org/W4248877799","https://openalex.org/W2180015210","https://openalex.org/W2128409859","https://openalex.org/W2102036934","https://openalex.org/W3103040676","https://openalex.org/W2369026988"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"fields":[1],"of":[2,12,63,71,96,143,146,169,208,212,232,235],"human":[3],"activity":[4],"benefit":[5],"from":[6,58,172],"the":[7,51,55,93,97,144,173,194,210,223,233],"ability":[8],"to":[9,19,136,157,199,227],"create":[10],"images":[11],"obscured":[13],"objects":[14],"placed":[15],"behind":[16,74,179],"walls":[17],"and":[18,35,54,67,121,134,159,176,204],"map":[20],"their":[21],"displacement":[22,69,202,211],"in":[23,45,131],"a":[24,83,99,141,147,161,167,180,191,213,220,229,236],"noninvasive":[25],"way.":[26],"Usually,":[27],"imaging":[28,60,66,81,149],"devices":[29],"like":[30],"Synthetic":[31],"Aperture":[32],"Radars":[33,37],"(SARs)":[34],"Ground-Penetrating":[36],"(GPRs)":[38],"use":[39],"expensive":[40],"dedicated":[41],"electronics":[42],"which":[43],"results":[44,56],"prohibitive":[46],"prices.":[47],"This":[48],"paper":[49],"presents":[50],"experimental":[52],"implementation":[53],"obtained":[57],"an":[59],"system":[61,98,128,175,196,224],"capable":[62,207],"performing":[64],"SAR":[65],"interferometric":[68,201],"mapping":[70],"targets":[72],"located":[73,165],"walls,":[75],"as":[76,78,138],"well":[77],"3D":[79,230],"GPR":[80],"using":[82],"low-cost":[84,112],"general-purpose":[85],"radar":[86,102],"sensor.":[87],"The":[88,111,126],"proposed":[89,127,195],"solution":[90],"uses":[91],"for":[92,117,123,140],"RF":[94],"section":[95],"K-band":[100],"microwave":[101],"sensor":[103,113],"module":[104],"implementing":[105],"Frequency-Modulated":[106],"Continuous":[107],"Wave":[108],"(FMCW)":[109],"operation.":[110],"was":[114,129,155,197,206,225],"originally":[115],"intended":[116,139],"simple":[118],"presence":[119],"detection":[120],"ranging":[122],"domestic":[124],"applications.":[125],"tested":[130],"several":[132],"scenarios":[133],"proved":[135],"operate":[137],"fraction":[142],"cost":[145],"commercial":[148],"device.":[150],"In":[151,190,219],"one":[152],"scenario,":[153],"it":[154,205],"able":[156],"detect":[158],"locate":[160],"15":[162],"cm-diameter":[163],"fire-extinguisher":[164],"at":[166],"distance":[168],"3.5":[170],"m":[171,178],"scanning":[174],"1.6":[177],"3":[181],"cm-thick":[182],"MDF":[183],"(medium-density":[184],"fiberboard)":[185],"wall":[186],"with":[187,216,239],"cm-level":[188,240],"accuracy.":[189,218],"second":[192],"test,":[193],"used":[198,226],"perform":[200],"measurements,":[203],"determining":[209],"metal":[214],"case":[215],"sub-millimeter":[217],"third":[221],"experiment,":[222],"construct":[228],"image":[231],"inside":[234],"wood":[237],"table":[238],"resolution.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}