{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394812391","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16081395","title":"Characteristics Analysis of Influence of Multiple Parameters of Mixed Sea Waves on Delay\u2013Doppler Map in Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry","display_name":"Characteristics Analysis of Influence of Multiple Parameters of Mixed Sea Waves on Delay\u2013Doppler Map in Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394812391","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16081395"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16081395","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16081395","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/8/1395/pdf?version=1713187047","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/8/1395/pdf?version=1713187047","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jianan Yan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianan Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003299538","display_name":"Ding Nie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3920-0352"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ding Nie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031330989","display_name":"Kaicheng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3468-3543"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaicheng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100618685","display_name":"Min Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9992-0007"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003299538"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0512444,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"8","first_page":"1395","last_page":"1395"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10647","display_name":"Coastal and Marine Dynamics","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflectometry","display_name":"Reflectometry","score":0.6932973265647888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.6655852794647217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplitude","display_name":"Amplitude","score":0.6242465376853943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.591566801071167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-effect","display_name":"Doppler effect","score":0.5637419819831848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-wave","display_name":"Wind wave","score":0.5157082676887512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.47169211506843567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.4574406147003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/significant-wave-height","display_name":"Significant wave height","score":0.43604573607444763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bistatic-radar","display_name":"Bistatic radar","score":0.4156016707420349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crest","display_name":"Crest","score":0.4133141040802002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.40234556794166565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.36778682470321655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.25432538986206055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.23710191249847412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.21822521090507507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.15403220057487488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1422111988067627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-domain","display_name":"Time domain","score":0.10572603344917297}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778925768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454718","display_name":"Reflectometry","level":3,"score":0.6932973265647888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.6655852794647217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.6242465376853943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.591566801071167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142757262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436","display_name":"Doppler effect","level":2,"score":0.5637419819831848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165082838","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165848","display_name":"Wind wave","level":2,"score":0.5157082676887512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.47169211506843567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.4574406147003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85910571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2674049","display_name":"Significant wave height","level":3,"score":0.43604573607444763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100102862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625855","display_name":"Bistatic radar","level":4,"score":0.4156016707420349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48880136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864673","display_name":"Crest","level":2,"score":0.4133141040802002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.40234556794166565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.36778682470321655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.25432538986206055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.23710191249847412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.21822521090507507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.15403220057487488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1422111988067627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.10572603344917297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16081395","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16081395","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/8/1395/pdf?version=1713187047","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:429542a613eb4836bd327f79e3bb4588","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/429542a613eb4836bd327f79e3bb4588","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 8, p 1395 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16081395","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16081395","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/8/1395/pdf?version=1713187047","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water","score":0.8700000047683716}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2376276132","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5869524761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B17035","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327912","funder_display_name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8843675283","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B17035","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8951484681","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327912","display_name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394812391.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W60196046","https://openalex.org/W1660767182","https://openalex.org/W1994915943","https://openalex.org/W2022585320","https://openalex.org/W2023488014","https://openalex.org/W2100807107","https://openalex.org/W2103598124","https://openalex.org/W2107580583","https://openalex.org/W2109243115","https://openalex.org/W2178203302","https://openalex.org/W2316033403","https://openalex.org/W2508966062","https://openalex.org/W2995265070","https://openalex.org/W3005356453","https://openalex.org/W3007047448","https://openalex.org/W3023788354","https://openalex.org/W3033495353","https://openalex.org/W3129423697","https://openalex.org/W3158914633","https://openalex.org/W3169297534","https://openalex.org/W3171877108","https://openalex.org/W3217169156","https://openalex.org/W4280650378","https://openalex.org/W4283371993","https://openalex.org/W4291916147","https://openalex.org/W4296365730","https://openalex.org/W4312601261","https://openalex.org/W4366548079","https://openalex.org/W4386122623","https://openalex.org/W6699533485","https://openalex.org/W6797037446","https://openalex.org/W7052251300"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2999761183","https://openalex.org/W2009438775","https://openalex.org/W2770414555","https://openalex.org/W168545889","https://openalex.org/W616312788","https://openalex.org/W1997271016","https://openalex.org/W2764164842","https://openalex.org/W2018161574","https://openalex.org/W3121685425","https://openalex.org/W4377090538"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Feature":[0],"capture":[1],"and":[2,54,83,103,116,192,210,221],"recognition":[3],"of":[4,41,59,69,85,93,100,120,142,164,174,187,195,206,224,227],"sea":[5,60,86,107,144],"wave":[6,79,81,87],"components":[7,58],"in":[8,12,32,52,139,151,159,203,229],"radar":[9,231],"systems":[10],"especially":[11],"global":[13],"navigation":[14],"satellite":[15],"system":[16],"reflectometry":[17],"(GNSS-R)":[18],"using":[19],"signal":[20],"processing":[21],"approaches":[22],"or":[23,155],"computer":[24],"simulative":[25],"methods":[26],"has":[27],"become":[28],"a":[29,49,214],"research":[30],"hotspot":[31],"recent":[33],"years.":[34],"At":[35],"the":[36,45,56,67,74,90,94,104,118,131,137,140,143,149,152,171,179,185,188,193,196,201,204,217],"same":[37],"time,":[38],"parameter":[39,218],"inversion":[40],"marine":[42],"phenomena":[43],"from":[44,136],"discovered":[46],"characteristics":[47],"plays":[48],"significant":[50],"role":[51],"monitoring":[53],"forewarning":[55],"different":[57,124],"waves.":[61,207],"This":[62],"paper":[63],"aims":[64],"to":[65,111,148],"investigate":[66],"impact":[68],"multiple":[70],"parameters,":[71],"such":[72],"as":[73],"wind":[75,101,176,190],"speed,":[76],"directionality":[77],"variable,":[78],"amplitude,":[80],"length,":[82],"directions":[84],"components,":[88],"on":[89],"delay":[91,121,160,165],"waveform":[92],"delay\u2013Doppler":[95],"map":[96],"(DDM).":[97],"Two":[98],"types":[99],"waves":[102,177,228],"2-D":[105],"sinusoidal":[106],"surface":[108,145],"are":[109],"chosen":[110],"be":[112,128],"analyzed.":[113],"By":[114],"comparing":[115],"analyzing":[117],"discrepancy":[119],"waveforms":[122,166],"under":[123],"conditions,":[125],"it":[126],"can":[127,146,212],"concluded":[129],"that":[130],"increased":[132],"MSS":[133],"which":[134,183],"arises":[135],"increase":[138,202],"roughness":[141],"lead":[147],"difference":[150],"peak":[153],"value":[154],"trial":[156],"edges":[157],"exhibited":[158],"waveforms.":[161],"The":[162,208],"values":[163],"at":[167],"zero":[168],"chip":[169],"along":[170],"increasing":[172],"direction":[173],"long-crest":[175],"exhibit":[178],"periodic":[180,197],"spikes":[181],"shape,":[182],"is":[184],"opposite":[186],"short-crest":[189],"waves,":[191],"fluctuation":[194],"profiles":[198],"decreases":[199],"with":[200],"amplitude":[205],"results":[209],"conclusions":[211],"provide":[213],"foundation":[215],"for":[216],"inversion,":[219],"tracking,":[220],"early":[222],"warning":[223],"anomalous":[225],"formations":[226],"bistatic":[230],"configuration.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-17T18:11:37.981687","created_date":"2024-04-16T00:00:00"}
