{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394693211","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16081332","title":"Attention-Enhanced Dual-Branch Residual Network with Adaptive L-Softmax Loss for Specific Emitter Identification under Low-Signal-to-Noise Ratio Conditions","display_name":"Attention-Enhanced Dual-Branch Residual Network with Adaptive L-Softmax Loss for Specific Emitter Identification under Low-Signal-to-Noise Ratio Conditions","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394693211","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16081332"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16081332","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16081332","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/8/1332/pdf?version=1712755883","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/8/1332/pdf?version=1712755883","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048013249","display_name":"Zehuan Jing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9218-3953"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zehuan Jing","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100726749","display_name":"Peng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5453-7389"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034076483","display_name":"Bin Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2755-6706"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059235568","display_name":"Erxing Yan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erxing Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023369835","display_name":"Yingchao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9304-3357"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingchao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075118150","display_name":"Youbing Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youbing Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Science and Technology on Electronic Information Control Laboratory, Chengdu 610036, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science and Technology on Electronic Information Control Laboratory, Chengdu 610036, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100726749"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.5459,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90271182,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"8","first_page":"1332","last_page":"1332"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5350834727287292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.5207964777946472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dual","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","score":0.4599032402038574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/softmax-function","display_name":"Softmax function","score":0.4413118064403534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.42602190375328064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4213169813156128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1755271852016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.16465085744857788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.06930944323539734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.06861132383346558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botany","display_name":"Botany","score":0.06502708792686462}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5350834727287292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.5207964777946472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","level":2,"score":0.4599032402038574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188441871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554146","display_name":"Softmax function","level":3,"score":0.4413118064403534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.42602190375328064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4213169813156128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1755271852016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16465085744857788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.06930944323539734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.06861132383346558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.06502708792686462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16081332","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16081332","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/8/1332/pdf?version=1712755883","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b3f37e02f8eb4e29b9e338ba0a071cf7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b3f37e02f8eb4e29b9e338ba0a071cf7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 8, p 1332 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16081332","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16081332","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/8/1332/pdf?version=1712755883","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394693211.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1902237438","https://openalex.org/W1998526323","https://openalex.org/W2015861736","https://openalex.org/W2068303356","https://openalex.org/W2091105942","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2104560223","https://openalex.org/W2139413614","https://openalex.org/W2149280070","https://openalex.org/W2154579312","https://openalex.org/W2170840392","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2567001798","https://openalex.org/W2574683666","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2795257254","https://openalex.org/W2883279772","https://openalex.org/W2891054065","https://openalex.org/W2905008400","https://openalex.org/W2969249912","https://openalex.org/W2994983182","https://openalex.org/W2999216308","https://openalex.org/W2999226773","https://openalex.org/W3003356071","https://openalex.org/W3009816315","https://openalex.org/W3036418905","https://openalex.org/W3046832790","https://openalex.org/W3095341217","https://openalex.org/W3194185314","https://openalex.org/W4210575269","https://openalex.org/W4313830665","https://openalex.org/W4318148760","https://openalex.org/W4318586120","https://openalex.org/W4319586595","https://openalex.org/W4381785589","https://openalex.org/W4385453150","https://openalex.org/W4387623697","https://openalex.org/W4390187673","https://openalex.org/W4390874928","https://openalex.org/W4392823654","https://openalex.org/W6749993997","https://openalex.org/W6773138093","https://openalex.org/W6850019321"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3107204728","https://openalex.org/W4287591324","https://openalex.org/W3108503355","https://openalex.org/W2980176872","https://openalex.org/W4226420367","https://openalex.org/W2962876041","https://openalex.org/W3090555870","https://openalex.org/W3022820045","https://openalex.org/W3005627584","https://openalex.org/W4303493643"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"address":[1],"the":[2,21,41,90,106,120,125,131,138,143,148,152,158,162,167,174,181,202,219,226],"issue":[3],"associated":[4],"with":[5],"poor":[6],"accuracy":[7],"rates":[8],"for":[9,84,161,176],"specific":[10],"emitter":[11],"identification":[12],"(SEI)":[13],"under":[14],"low":[15],"signal-to-noise":[16],"ratio":[17],"(SNR)":[18],"conditions,":[19,235],"where":[20],"single-dimension":[22],"radar":[23],"signal":[24,107],"characteristics":[25],"are":[26,77],"severely":[27],"affected":[28,109],"by":[29,110],"noise,":[30],"we":[31,47,114],"propose":[32,124],"an":[33,80,237],"attention-enhanced":[34],"dual-branch":[35,50],"residual":[36],"network":[37,51],"structure":[38,52],"based":[39,136],"on":[40,137],"adaptive":[42],"large-margin":[43],"Softmax":[44,122],"(ALS).":[45],"Initially,":[46],"designed":[48],"a":[49,231],"to":[53,72,92,118,179,194,205],"extract":[54,93,206],"features":[55,76,95,207],"from":[56,208],"one-dimensional":[57],"intermediate":[58],"frequency":[59],"data":[60],"and":[61,99,123,142,146,210],"two-dimensional":[62],"time\u2013frequency":[63],"images,":[64],"respectively.":[65],"By":[66],"assigning":[67],"different":[68,171],"attention":[69],"weights":[70],"according":[71],"their":[73],"importance,":[74],"these":[75],"fused":[78],"into":[79],"enhanced":[81],"joint":[82],"feature":[83],"further":[85],"training.":[86],"This":[87,127],"approach":[88,128,199],"enables":[89],"model":[91],"distinctive":[94],"across":[96,230],"multiple":[97],"dimensions":[98],"achieve":[100],"good":[101],"recognition":[102,228,241],"performance":[103],"even":[104],"when":[105],"is":[108],"noise.":[111,222],"In":[112],"addition,":[113],"have":[115],"introduced":[116],"L-Softmax":[117],"replace":[119],"original":[121],"ALS.":[126],"adaptively":[129],"calculates":[130],"classification":[132,144,154],"margin":[133,149],"decision":[134,185],"parameter":[135],"angle":[139],"between":[140,170],"samples":[141],"boundary":[145],"adjusts":[147],"values":[150],"of":[151,184,221,233,243],"sample":[153],"boundaries;":[155],"it":[156,224],"reduces":[157],"intra-class":[159],"distance":[160,169],"same":[163],"class":[164],"while":[165],"increasing":[166],"inter-class":[168],"classes":[172],"without":[173],"need":[175],"cumbersome":[177],"experiments":[178],"determine":[180],"optimal":[182],"value":[183],"parameters.":[186],"Our":[187],"experimental":[188],"findings":[189],"revealed":[190],"that,":[191],"in":[192,213,240],"comparison":[193],"alternative":[195],"methods,":[196],"our":[197],"proposed":[198],"markedly":[200],"enhances":[201],"model\u2019s":[203],"capability":[204],"signals":[209],"classify":[211],"them":[212],"low-SNR":[214,234],"environments,":[215],"thereby":[216],"effectively":[217],"diminishing":[218],"influence":[220],"Notably,":[223],"achieves":[225],"highest":[227],"rate":[229,242],"range":[232],"registering":[236],"average":[238],"increase":[239],"4.8%.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-12-26T23:08:49.675405","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}