{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394567847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16071304","title":"Weighted Differential Gradient Method for Filling Pits in Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) Canopy Height Model","display_name":"Weighted Differential Gradient Method for Filling Pits in Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) Canopy Height Model","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394567847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16071304"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16071304","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16071304","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/7/1304/pdf?version=1712572220","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/7/1304/pdf?version=1712572220","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075826136","display_name":"Guoqing Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8295-0496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38706770","display_name":"Guilin University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03z391397","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guoqing Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China","Guangxi Key Laboratory of Spatial Information and Geomatics, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Spatial Information and Geomatics, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028125561","display_name":"Haowen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2746-4000"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38706770","display_name":"Guilin University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03z391397","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haowen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China","Guangxi Key Laboratory of Spatial Information and Geomatics, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Spatial Information and Geomatics, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103449275","display_name":"Jing Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8820-1151"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38706770","display_name":"Guilin University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03z391397","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023600709","display_name":"Ertao Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1683-3643"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38706770","display_name":"Guilin University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03z391397","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ertao Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China","Guangxi Key Laboratory of Spatial Information and Geomatics, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Spatial Information and Geomatics, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005106199","display_name":"Tian-Yi Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7309-3151"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38706770","display_name":"Guilin University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03z391397","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianyi Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China","Guangxi Key Laboratory of Spatial Information and Geomatics, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Spatial Information and Geomatics, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100532277","display_name":"Xiaoting Han","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38706770","display_name":"Guilin University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03z391397","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoting Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China","Guangxi Key Laboratory of Spatial Information and Geomatics, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Spatial Information and Geomatics, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109702838","display_name":"Shuaiguang Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38706770","display_name":"Guilin University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03z391397","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuaiguang Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China","Guangxi Key Laboratory of Spatial Information and Geomatics, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Spatial Information and Geomatics, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058167514","display_name":"Jun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3406-2122"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38706770","display_name":"Guilin University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03z391397","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China","Guangxi Key Laboratory of Spatial Information and Geomatics, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Spatial Information and Geomatics, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075826136"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.8709,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68324302,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"7","first_page":"1304","last_page":"1304"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-filter","display_name":"Gaussian filter","score":0.6490804553031921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canopy","display_name":"Canopy","score":0.6419374346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.56365567445755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.5599201321601868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5499720573425293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.5466431379318237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.5168704986572266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.5154160261154175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5107927322387695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.42171764373779297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4150197207927704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2342245876789093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.23314818739891052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.1875450313091278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.16704091429710388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.1580488085746765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.07937154173851013}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65892221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1113935","display_name":"Gaussian filter","level":3,"score":0.6490804553031921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101000010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033434","display_name":"Canopy","level":2,"score":0.6419374346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.56365567445755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.5599201321601868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5499720573425293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.5466431379318237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.5168704986572266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5154160261154175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5107927322387695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.42171764373779297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4150197207927704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2342245876789093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.23314818739891052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.1875450313091278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.16704091429710388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.1580488085746765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.07937154173851013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16071304","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16071304","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/7/1304/pdf?version=1712572220","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f0c8c4a2ebe54f4d8eaf4350b8e766cd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f0c8c4a2ebe54f4d8eaf4350b8e766cd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 7, p 1304 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16071304","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16071304","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/7/1304/pdf?version=1712572220","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6700000166893005,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6104665193","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41961065","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394567847.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W84227776","https://openalex.org/W1492020934","https://openalex.org/W1998591632","https://openalex.org/W2025234276","https://openalex.org/W2028400108","https://openalex.org/W2028427954","https://openalex.org/W2048430744","https://openalex.org/W2048997056","https://openalex.org/W2090435005","https://openalex.org/W2305152098","https://openalex.org/W2313448762","https://openalex.org/W2329027118","https://openalex.org/W2436656692","https://openalex.org/W2461841297","https://openalex.org/W2580321744","https://openalex.org/W2585356374","https://openalex.org/W2591864944","https://openalex.org/W2624817193","https://openalex.org/W2739189037","https://openalex.org/W2757142005","https://openalex.org/W2806709398","https://openalex.org/W2814877824","https://openalex.org/W2885373112","https://openalex.org/W2891779145","https://openalex.org/W2908563588","https://openalex.org/W2912510744","https://openalex.org/W2920998379","https://openalex.org/W2947514417","https://openalex.org/W2973647025","https://openalex.org/W2996517671","https://openalex.org/W2999249462","https://openalex.org/W3004863650","https://openalex.org/W3008325099","https://openalex.org/W3111711975","https://openalex.org/W3152432465","https://openalex.org/W3161722344","https://openalex.org/W3170638326","https://openalex.org/W4200406763","https://openalex.org/W4205283982","https://openalex.org/W4213307050","https://openalex.org/W4214902581","https://openalex.org/W4295063189","https://openalex.org/W4309709572","https://openalex.org/W4313531425","https://openalex.org/W4379469384","https://openalex.org/W4386385598","https://openalex.org/W4390771619","https://openalex.org/W4390863705","https://openalex.org/W6603383834","https://openalex.org/W6718339052","https://openalex.org/W6752163446","https://openalex.org/W6760416118","https://openalex.org/W6787078052","https://openalex.org/W7067455687"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2783354812","https://openalex.org/W4384112194","https://openalex.org/W2103009189","https://openalex.org/W4312958259","https://openalex.org/W4308259661","https://openalex.org/W4390813131","https://openalex.org/W2594043982","https://openalex.org/W3036493597","https://openalex.org/W4293094720","https://openalex.org/W2739701376"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,157,176,197,243],"canopy":[1,21,141,192],"height":[2],"model":[3],"(CHM)":[4],"derived":[5],"from":[6,93,206,247],"LiDAR":[7],"point":[8],"cloud":[9],"data":[10,32,71,120,144,187],"is":[11],"usually":[12],"used":[13,113],"to":[14,68,138,256],"accurately":[15,73,184],"identify":[16,185],"the":[17,20,38,50,76,94,99,130,191,228],"position":[18],"and":[19,47,74,87,102,106,109,151,160,189,201,214,216,218,237],"dimension":[22],"of":[23,40,52,78,119,124],"single":[24],"tree.":[25],"However,":[26],"local":[27],"invalid":[28],"values":[29],"(also":[30],"called":[31,63],"pits)":[33],"are":[34,91,111,127,209],"often":[35],"encountered":[36],"during":[37],"generation":[39],"CHM,":[41],"which":[42],"results":[43,178],"in":[44,49,135,166,171,195,260],"low-quality":[45],"CHM":[46],"failure":[48],"detection":[51],"treetops.":[53],"For":[54],"this":[55,57,136],"reason,":[56],"paper":[58,137],"proposes":[59],"an":[60],"innovative":[61],"method,":[62],"\u201cpixels":[64],"weighted":[65,95],"differential":[66,96],"gradient\u201d,":[67],"filter":[69],"these":[70],"pits":[72,148,188],"improve":[75],"quality":[77],"CHM.":[79,196],"First,":[80],"two":[81],"characteristic":[82],"parameters,":[83],"gradient":[84,97],"index":[85],"(GI)":[86],"Z-score":[88],"value":[89],"(ZV)":[90],"extracted":[92],"between":[98,212],"pit":[100],"pixels":[101],"their":[103],"eight":[104],"neighbors,":[105],"then":[107],"GIs":[108],"ZVs":[110],"commonly":[112],"as":[114],"criterion":[115],"for":[116],"initial":[117],"identification":[118],"pits.":[121,145],"Secondly,":[122],"CHMs":[123],"different":[125],"resolutions":[126],"merged,":[128],"using":[129],"image":[131],"processing":[132],"algorithm":[133],"developed":[134],"distinguish":[139],"either":[140],"gaps":[142],"or":[143],"Finally,":[146],"potential":[147,186],"were":[149,163],"filtered":[150],"filled":[152],"with":[153,223],"a":[154,167],"reasonable":[155],"value.":[156],"experimental":[158,177],"validation":[159],"comparative":[161],"analysis":[162],"carried":[164],"out":[165],"coniferous":[168],"forest":[169],"located":[170],"Triangle":[172],"Lake,":[173],"United":[174],"States.":[175],"showed":[179],"that":[180],"our":[181,207,248],"method":[182,208,249],"could":[183,250],"retain":[190],"structure":[193],"information":[194],"root-mean-squared":[198],"error":[199,204],"(RMSE)":[200],"mean":[202,229],"bias":[203],"(MBE)":[205],"reduced":[210],"by":[211,253],"73%":[213],"26%":[215],"76%":[217],"28%,":[219],"respectively,":[220],"when":[221,258],"compared":[222],"six":[224],"other":[225],"methods,":[226],"including":[227],"filter,":[230,232,234],"Gaussian":[231],"median":[233],"pit-free,":[235],"spike-free":[236],"graph-based":[238],"progressive":[239],"morphological":[240],"filtering":[241],"(GPMF).":[242],"average":[244],"F1":[245],"score":[246],"be":[251],"improved":[252],"approximately":[254],"4%":[255],"25%":[257],"applied":[259],"single-tree":[261],"extraction.":[262]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}