{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4393353195","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16071228","title":"A Multi-Scale Forest Above-Ground Biomass Mapping Approach: Employing a Step-by-Step Spatial Downscaling Method with Bias-Corrected Ensemble Machine Learning","display_name":"A Multi-Scale Forest Above-Ground Biomass Mapping Approach: Employing a Step-by-Step Spatial Downscaling Method with Bias-Corrected Ensemble Machine Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4393353195","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16071228"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16071228","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16071228","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/7/1228/pdf?version=1711801095","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/7/1228/pdf?version=1711801095","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012650259","display_name":"Jingjing Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6932-3877"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingjing Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Engineering Research Center of Industrial Spectrum Imaging, School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China","Beijing Engineering Research Center of Industrial Spectrum Imaging, School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Engineering Research Center of Industrial Spectrum Imaging, School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Engineering Research Center of Industrial Spectrum Imaging, School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100721873","display_name":"Yuzhen Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1613-5770"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuzhen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Engineering Research Center of Industrial Spectrum Imaging, School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China","Beijing Engineering Research Center of Industrial Spectrum Imaging, School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Engineering Research Center of Industrial Spectrum Imaging, School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Engineering Research Center of Industrial Spectrum Imaging, School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100721873"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.4315,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80339168,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"7","first_page":"1228","last_page":"1228"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/downscaling","display_name":"Downscaling","score":0.8638501167297363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.8043410778045654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.6184271574020386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5334285497665405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5273188948631287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4731384813785553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.47302886843681335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.452555775642395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomass","display_name":"Biomass (ecology)","score":0.4116882085800171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.37681639194488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3239437937736511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.25650519132614136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change","display_name":"Climate change","score":0.1962602734565735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.1735791265964508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1452770233154297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.10153937339782715}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41156917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682831","display_name":"Downscaling","level":3,"score":0.8638501167297363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.8043410778045654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.6184271574020386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5334285497665405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5273188948631287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4731384813785553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.47302886843681335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.452555775642395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115540264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2945560","display_name":"Biomass (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.4116882085800171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.37681639194488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3239437937736511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25650519132614136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.1962602734565735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.1735791265964508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1452770233154297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10153937339782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16071228","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16071228","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/7/1228/pdf?version=1711801095","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0c0de1664a94489fbbfc4183bea72bbd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0c0de1664a94489fbbfc4183bea72bbd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 7, p 1228 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16071228","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16071228","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/7/1228/pdf?version=1711801095","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.6399999856948853,"display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4393353195.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1606754933","https://openalex.org/W1970840899","https://openalex.org/W1981213426","https://openalex.org/W1981263865","https://openalex.org/W1982050384","https://openalex.org/W1990330790","https://openalex.org/W1996043099","https://openalex.org/W1997732436","https://openalex.org/W2007051388","https://openalex.org/W2011336437","https://openalex.org/W2017008479","https://openalex.org/W2027873551","https://openalex.org/W2037202266","https://openalex.org/W2049398443","https://openalex.org/W2051523848","https://openalex.org/W2055162110","https://openalex.org/W2056968878","https://openalex.org/W2078426240","https://openalex.org/W2093636245","https://openalex.org/W2099081445","https://openalex.org/W2113249705","https://openalex.org/W2113410727","https://openalex.org/W2120597179","https://openalex.org/W2134870022","https://openalex.org/W2138448722","https://openalex.org/W2140477672","https://openalex.org/W2161477252","https://openalex.org/W2169103225","https://openalex.org/W2301692565","https://openalex.org/W2423504524","https://openalex.org/W2529239031","https://openalex.org/W2584181319","https://openalex.org/W2793149026","https://openalex.org/W2883666593","https://openalex.org/W2884983756","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2913946602","https://openalex.org/W2947344270","https://openalex.org/W2958449090","https://openalex.org/W2971897573","https://openalex.org/W2990923659","https://openalex.org/W3047165924","https://openalex.org/W3096124480","https://openalex.org/W3112661396","https://openalex.org/W3130306759","https://openalex.org/W3162042038","https://openalex.org/W3176527959","https://openalex.org/W4210969001","https://openalex.org/W4280580242","https://openalex.org/W4283576398","https://openalex.org/W4293526428","https://openalex.org/W4306770087","https://openalex.org/W4310251107","https://openalex.org/W4321234726","https://openalex.org/W4323569586","https://openalex.org/W6795575382","https://openalex.org/W6892131133","https://openalex.org/W6929529788","https://openalex.org/W6967405243"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2394436593","https://openalex.org/W3013458534","https://openalex.org/W3010558748","https://openalex.org/W2944292463","https://openalex.org/W3014252901","https://openalex.org/W2188759683","https://openalex.org/W4317376680","https://openalex.org/W3080944905","https://openalex.org/W4360777922","https://openalex.org/W3208169454"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,58,134],"accurate":[1],"estimation":[2],"of":[3,21,60,70,140],"forest":[4,14],"above-ground":[5],"biomass":[6],"(AGB)":[7],"is":[8],"vital":[9],"for":[10,43,50,55],"monitoring":[11],"changes":[12],"in":[13,29,115,157,175,186,196],"carbon":[15],"sinks.":[16],"However,":[17],"the":[18,103,116,138,141,147,176,187],"spatial":[19],"heterogeneity":[20,198],"AGB,":[22],"coupled":[23],"with":[24,53,102,146,179,190],"inherent":[25],"uncertainties,":[26],"poses":[27],"challenges":[28],"acquiring":[30],"high-quality":[31],"AGBs.":[32],"This":[33],"study":[34],"introduced":[35],"a":[36,48,76],"bias-corrected":[37,62,84],"ensemble":[38,63,85],"machine":[39],"learning":[40],"(ML)":[41],"algorithm":[42],"AGB":[44,51,90,122,143,158],"downscaling":[45,78,105],"that":[46,137],"integrated":[47],"ML":[49,64,86],"mapping":[52],"another":[54],"residual":[56,150],"mapping.":[57],"accuracies":[59],"six":[61],"algorithms":[65,87],"were":[66,130,165],"evaluated":[67],"at":[68,107,127],"resolutions":[69,98],"0.05\u00b0,":[71,94],"0.025\u00b0,":[72,95],"and":[73,96,99,119,123,163],"0.01\u00b0.":[74],"Moreover,":[75],"step-by-step":[77],"(SBSD)":[79],"method":[80],"was":[81,100,113,153],"introduced,":[82],"utilizing":[83],"to":[88,93,167],"downscale":[89],"from":[91],"0.1\u00b0":[92],"0.01\u00b0":[97],"compared":[101],"direct":[104],"(DD)":[106],"three":[108,128],"scales.":[109],"A":[110],"comparative":[111],"analysis":[112],"conducted":[114],"Daxing\u2019anling":[117,177],"Mountains":[118,178,189],"Xiaoxing\u2019anling":[120,188],"Mountains.":[121],"corresponding":[124],"uncertainty":[125],"maps":[126,159],"scales":[129],"generated":[131,160],"using":[132],"SBSD.":[133],"results":[135],"showed":[136],"efficacy":[139],"XGBoost-based":[142],"model":[144,152],"combined":[145],"random":[148],"forest-based":[149],"correction":[151],"superior.":[154],"Spatial":[155],"patterns":[156],"by":[161],"SBSD":[162,171],"DD":[164],"found":[166],"be":[168],"similar.":[169],"Notably,":[170],"yielded":[172],"enhanced":[173],"accuracy":[174],"complex":[180],"topography,":[181,192],"while":[182],"both":[183],"performed":[184],"comparably":[185],"milder":[191],"highlighting":[193],"SBSD\u2019s":[194],"advantages":[195],"high":[197],"areas.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-01-25T23:04:38.658462","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
