{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4393006216","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16061079","title":"CUS3D: A New Comprehensive Urban-Scale Semantic-Segmentation 3D Benchmark Dataset","display_name":"CUS3D: A New Comprehensive Urban-Scale Semantic-Segmentation 3D Benchmark Dataset","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4393006216","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16061079"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16061079","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16061079","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/6/1079/pdf?version=1710928962","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/6/1079/pdf?version=1710928962","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100629376","display_name":"Lin Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1021-8148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Systems and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 437100, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Systems and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 437100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022072267","display_name":"Yu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9702-349X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Systems and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 437100, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Systems and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 437100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100329845","display_name":"Xi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6558-2628"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Systems and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 437100, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Systems and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 437100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100751382","display_name":"Yuxiang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5565-8297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuxiang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Systems and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 437100, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Systems and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 437100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044675520","display_name":"Shen Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1415-5113"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shen Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Systems and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 437100, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Systems and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 437100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100770607","display_name":"Maojun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6748-0545"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maojun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Systems and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 437100, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Systems and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 437100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100751382"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.0037,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71262107,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"6","first_page":"1079","last_page":"1079"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.800080418586731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.7868496775627136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.7204431295394897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.585088849067688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5405027866363525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-city-models","display_name":"3D city models","score":0.5057973861694336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.47533583641052246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4090276062488556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3758489787578583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.17768597602844238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.16294923424720764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1161409318447113}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.800080418586731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.7868496775627136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.7204431295394897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.585088849067688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5405027866363525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778597888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172169","display_name":"3D city models","level":3,"score":0.5057973861694336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.47533583641052246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4090276062488556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3758489787578583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.17768597602844238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.16294923424720764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1161409318447113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16061079","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16061079","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/6/1079/pdf?version=1710928962","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:815f0c85f38b421eb0149f4ac25ff4fd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/815f0c85f38b421eb0149f4ac25ff4fd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 6, p 1079 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/16/6/1079/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16061079","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16061079","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16061079","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/6/1079/pdf?version=1710928962","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.8299999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1867253341","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62171451","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4393006216.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W250737475","https://openalex.org/W1578166233","https://openalex.org/W1923184257","https://openalex.org/W2027710719","https://openalex.org/W2099106100","https://openalex.org/W2102673432","https://openalex.org/W2114184516","https://openalex.org/W2115579991","https://openalex.org/W2150066425","https://openalex.org/W2273069891","https://openalex.org/W2431874326","https://openalex.org/W2476740321","https://openalex.org/W2553307952","https://openalex.org/W2564755587","https://openalex.org/W2594519801","https://openalex.org/W2624503621","https://openalex.org/W2737081152","https://openalex.org/W2737258237","https://openalex.org/W2739253758","https://openalex.org/W2902078856","https://openalex.org/W2950642167","https://openalex.org/W2961368225","https://openalex.org/W2963281829","https://openalex.org/W2964257316","https://openalex.org/W2964309882","https://openalex.org/W2964339842","https://openalex.org/W2965803762","https://openalex.org/W2968609420","https://openalex.org/W2990613095","https://openalex.org/W3011788244","https://openalex.org/W3012494314","https://openalex.org/W3020939490","https://openalex.org/W3035172746","https://openalex.org/W3035574168","https://openalex.org/W3036406207","https://openalex.org/W3037058446","https://openalex.org/W3043099088","https://openalex.org/W3048385881","https://openalex.org/W3103201847","https://openalex.org/W3119197669","https://openalex.org/W3133884127","https://openalex.org/W3176802407","https://openalex.org/W3184872565","https://openalex.org/W3187324963","https://openalex.org/W3206060468","https://openalex.org/W4234190238","https://openalex.org/W4251712421","https://openalex.org/W4312376733","https://openalex.org/W4386113267","https://openalex.org/W4390874575","https://openalex.org/W6640300118","https://openalex.org/W6756601264","https://openalex.org/W6910685788"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378211422","https://openalex.org/W4321353415","https://openalex.org/W4399442168","https://openalex.org/W2114282491","https://openalex.org/W3112772842","https://openalex.org/W2573957257","https://openalex.org/W2948902595","https://openalex.org/W4395463701","https://openalex.org/W963789794","https://openalex.org/W3090729437"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,5,10,22,90,108,217,222,230,243,249,265,269,287,296,305],"continuous":[2],"advancement":[3],"of":[4,7,12,77,83,92,102,111,178,188,204,229,271,289,295],"construction":[6],"smart":[8],"cities,":[9],"availability":[11,91],"large-scale":[13,40,59,96],"and":[14,50,67,70,114,153,183,197,208,216,260,282],"semantically":[15],"enriched":[16],"datasets":[17,62,98],"is":[18,136,172,202,255,258,262],"essential":[19],"for":[20,39,138,157,308],"enhancing":[21],"machine\u2019s":[23],"ability":[24],"to":[25],"understand":[26],"urban":[27,78,196],"scenes.":[28,199],"Mesh":[29],"data":[30,38,120,155],"have":[31],"a":[32,74,128,175,185],"distinct":[33],"advantage":[34],"over":[35],"point":[36,151],"cloud":[37,152],"scenes,":[41],"as":[42,159,161],"they":[43],"can":[44,285],"provide":[45],"inherent":[46],"geometric":[47],"topology":[48],"information":[49,273],"consume":[51],"less":[52],"memory":[53],"space.":[54],"However,":[55],"existing":[56,95],"publicly":[57],"available":[58],"scene":[60],"mesh":[61,154],"are":[63,224],"limited":[64],"in":[65,221,300],"scale":[66],"semantic":[68,79,85,131,143,169,232,237,275,290],"richness":[69],"do":[71],"not":[72],"cover":[73],"wide":[75],"range":[76],"information.":[80],"The":[81,200,253,292],"development":[82],"3D":[84,97,176,206,212,236],"segmentation":[86,132,144,238,276],"algorithms":[87],"depends":[88],"on":[89,142,242,268,274],"datasets.":[93],"Moreover,":[94],"lack":[99],"various":[100,139],"types":[101,156],"official":[103],"annotation":[104],"data,":[105],"which":[106],"hinders":[107],"widespread":[109],"applicability":[110],"benchmark":[112,133],"applications":[113],"may":[115],"cause":[116],"label":[117],"errors":[118],"during":[119],"conversion.":[121],"To":[122],"address":[123],"these":[124],"issues,":[125],"we":[126],"present":[127],"comprehensive":[129],"urban-scale":[130],"dataset.":[134],"It":[135,171],"suitable":[137],"research":[140],"pursuits":[141],"methodologies.":[145],"This":[146],"dataset":[147,201,223,310],"contains":[148],"finely":[149],"annotated":[150],"3D,":[158],"well":[160],"high-resolution":[162],"original":[163,218],"2D":[164,168,219],"images":[165,182],"with":[166,227,246],"detailed":[167],"annotations.":[170],"constructed":[173],"from":[174],"reconstruction":[177],"10,840":[179],"UVA":[180],"aerial":[181],"spans":[184],"vast":[186],"area":[187],"approximately":[189],"2.85":[190],"square":[191],"kilometers":[192],"that":[193,278],"covers":[194],"both":[195,280],"rural":[198],"composed":[203],"152,298,756":[205],"points":[207],"289,404,088":[209],"triangles.":[210],"Each":[211],"point,":[213],"triangular":[214],"mesh,":[215],"image":[220],"carefully":[225],"labeled":[226],"one":[228],"ten":[231],"categories.":[233],"Six":[234],"typical":[235],"methods":[239],"were":[240],"compared":[241],"CUS3D":[244,297],"dataset,":[245,298],"KPConv":[247],"demonstrating":[248],"highest":[250],"overall":[251],"performance.":[252],"mIoU":[254],"59.72%,":[256],"OA":[257],"89.42%,":[259],"mAcc":[261],"97.88%.":[263],"Furthermore,":[264],"experimental":[266],"results":[267],"impact":[270],"color":[272,283],"suggest":[277],"incorporating":[279],"coordinate":[281],"features":[284],"enhance":[286],"performance":[288],"segmentation.":[291],"current":[293],"limitations":[294],"particularly":[299],"class":[301],"imbalance,":[302],"will":[303],"be":[304],"primary":[306],"target":[307],"future":[309],"enhancements.":[311]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
