{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392746676","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16061016","title":"Comprehensive Review: Effectiveness of MIMO and Beamforming Technologies in Detecting Low RCS UAVs","display_name":"Comprehensive Review: Effectiveness of MIMO and Beamforming Technologies in Detecting Low RCS UAVs","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392746676","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16061016"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16061016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16061016","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/6/1016/pdf?version=1710338289","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/6/1016/pdf?version=1710338289","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091651000","display_name":"Neda Rojhani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4948-6270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Neda Rojhani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060296994","display_name":"George Shaker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1450-2138"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Shaker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091651000"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":37.5417,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99722376,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"6","first_page":"1016","last_page":"1016"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.5634551048278809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.45477601885795593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45120465755462646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.40485575795173645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.32239246368408203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.23419535160064697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.22316256165504456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11656957864761353}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.5634551048278809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.45477601885795593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45120465755462646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.40485575795173645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.32239246368408203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.23419535160064697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.22316256165504456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11656957864761353}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16061016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16061016","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/6/1016/pdf?version=1710338289","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d74f55ade07848ef93d42034b266e831","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d74f55ade07848ef93d42034b266e831","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 6, p 1016 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16061016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16061016","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/6/1016/pdf?version=1710338289","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8500000238418579}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392746676.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":95,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W65255600","https://openalex.org/W1546554640","https://openalex.org/W1599703818","https://openalex.org/W2000317822","https://openalex.org/W2042981852","https://openalex.org/W2083506609","https://openalex.org/W2099196694","https://openalex.org/W2100060668","https://openalex.org/W2109907460","https://openalex.org/W2110964282","https://openalex.org/W2132506160","https://openalex.org/W2135915867","https://openalex.org/W2138414422","https://openalex.org/W2140019524","https://openalex.org/W2399358239","https://openalex.org/W2509702094","https://openalex.org/W2536817385","https://openalex.org/W2584614332","https://openalex.org/W2591146444","https://openalex.org/W2595079436","https://openalex.org/W2625468694","https://openalex.org/W2743594040","https://openalex.org/W2743856963","https://openalex.org/W2766488429","https://openalex.org/W2767285373","https://openalex.org/W2782741256","https://openalex.org/W2783703509","https://openalex.org/W2783784301","https://openalex.org/W2807787132","https://openalex.org/W2887962893","https://openalex.org/W2889496951","https://openalex.org/W2897115156","https://openalex.org/W2900813755","https://openalex.org/W2903483929","https://openalex.org/W2909459125","https://openalex.org/W2922360540","https://openalex.org/W2955704495","https://openalex.org/W2965853043","https://openalex.org/W2966365406","https://openalex.org/W2973719955","https://openalex.org/W2989620076","https://openalex.org/W2993786887","https://openalex.org/W3010165892","https://openalex.org/W3010561122","https://openalex.org/W3010613759","https://openalex.org/W3015899089","https://openalex.org/W3021475324","https://openalex.org/W3021545081","https://openalex.org/W3036046236","https://openalex.org/W3040360205","https://openalex.org/W3041250333","https://openalex.org/W3041989139","https://openalex.org/W3044875250","https://openalex.org/W3081923410","https://openalex.org/W3083528975","https://openalex.org/W3088221515","https://openalex.org/W3096676008","https://openalex.org/W3111396112","https://openalex.org/W3111437952","https://openalex.org/W3134408583","https://openalex.org/W3139402006","https://openalex.org/W3163321549","https://openalex.org/W3175716168","https://openalex.org/W3184176824","https://openalex.org/W3194412331","https://openalex.org/W3204308155","https://openalex.org/W3210758197","https://openalex.org/W3216322024","https://openalex.org/W4200089138","https://openalex.org/W4234769076","https://openalex.org/W4246468043","https://openalex.org/W4256245490","https://openalex.org/W4289656326","https://openalex.org/W4293699700","https://openalex.org/W4295308543","https://openalex.org/W4307238787","https://openalex.org/W4310191267","https://openalex.org/W4311959938","https://openalex.org/W4312592126","https://openalex.org/W4313894519","https://openalex.org/W4367728426","https://openalex.org/W4381745449","https://openalex.org/W4382203293","https://openalex.org/W4382941138","https://openalex.org/W4383346780","https://openalex.org/W4385453094","https://openalex.org/W4387319298","https://openalex.org/W4387490543","https://openalex.org/W4390224638","https://openalex.org/W4390332049","https://openalex.org/W6636012332","https://openalex.org/W6666138016","https://openalex.org/W6798533058","https://openalex.org/W6843303282","https://openalex.org/W6857343719"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2963170046","https://openalex.org/W2376244802","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2923631784","https://openalex.org/W818226659","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4311414679","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W3124036039"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unmanned":[0],"aerial":[1],"vehicles":[2],"(UAVs)":[3],"are":[4,113],"increasing":[5],"in":[6,8,33,57,118,154],"popularity":[7],"various":[9],"sectors,":[10],"simultaneously":[11],"rasing":[12],"the":[13,30,51,75,92,119,141,149],"challenge":[14],"of":[15,94,121,137,144],"detecting":[16,55],"those":[17],"with":[18,54,108],"low":[19,95],"radar":[20,34,66,155],"cross":[21],"sections":[22],"(RCS).":[23],"This":[24,72],"review":[25],"paper":[26,73],"aims":[27],"to":[28,44,81,139],"assess":[29],"current":[31],"state-of-the-art":[32],"technology,":[35,100],"focusing":[36],"on":[37,134],"multiple-input":[38],"multiple-output":[39],"(MIMO)":[40],"and":[41,60,78,106,124,158],"beamforming":[42],"techniques,":[43],"address":[45],"this":[46],"growing":[47],"concern.":[48],"It":[49],"explores":[50],"challenges":[52],"associated":[53],"UAVs":[56],"urban":[58],"settings":[59],"adverse":[61],"weather":[62],"conditions,":[63],"where":[64],"traditional":[65],"systems":[67],"often":[68],"do":[69],"not":[70],"succeed.":[71],"examines":[74],"existing":[76],"literature":[77],"technological":[79],"advancements":[80],"understand":[82],"how":[83],"these":[84,146],"methodologies":[85],"can":[86],"significantly":[87],"boost":[88],"detection":[89],"capabilities":[90],"under":[91],"constraints":[93],"RCS.":[96],"In":[97],"particular,":[98],"MIMO":[99],"renowned":[101],"for":[102,115,151],"its":[103,109],"spatial":[104],"multiplexing,":[105],"beamforming,":[107],"directional":[110],"signal":[111],"enhancement,":[112],"evaluated":[114],"their":[116],"efficacy":[117],"context":[120],"UAV":[122,159],"surveillance":[123],"defense":[125],"strategies.":[126],"Ultimately,":[127],"a":[128,135],"comprehensive":[129],"comparison":[130],"is":[131],"presented,":[132],"drawing":[133],"variety":[136],"studies":[138],"illustrate":[140],"combined":[142],"potential":[143],"integrating":[145],"technologies,":[147],"providing":[148],"way":[150],"future":[152],"developments":[153],"system":[156],"design":[157],"detection.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-03-15T09:29:46.208133","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}