{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392644789","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16060975","title":"Multi-Level Feature-Refinement Anchor-Free Framework with Consistent Label-Assignment Mechanism for Ship Detection in SAR Imagery","display_name":"Multi-Level Feature-Refinement Anchor-Free Framework with Consistent Label-Assignment Mechanism for Ship Detection in SAR Imagery","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392644789","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16060975"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16060975","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16060975","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/6/975/pdf?version=1710129664","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/6/975/pdf?version=1710129664","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101920511","display_name":"Yun Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1364-0069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Communication and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Communication and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004812842","display_name":"Sensen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4394-5723"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sensen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Communication and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Communication and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032781096","display_name":"Haohao Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5022-393X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haohao Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Communication and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Communication and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100326932","display_name":"Junyi Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9946-4432"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junyi Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Communication and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Communication and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100743863","display_name":"Lin Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7880-2992"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Communication and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Communication and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050556614","display_name":"Xuegang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9008-5914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuegang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Communication and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Communication and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032781096"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":27.8283,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99462833,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"6","first_page":"975","last_page":"975"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5821084976196289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5506760478019714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.5214099884033203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.44686123728752136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4304395914077759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.425624817609787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2718895673751831}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5821084976196289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5506760478019714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5214099884033203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.44686123728752136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4304395914077759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.425624817609787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2718895673751831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16060975","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16060975","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/6/975/pdf?version=1710129664","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ca1a44d16a2646b9aa9f465e9b03d526","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ca1a44d16a2646b9aa9f465e9b03d526","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 6, p 975 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16060975","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16060975","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/6/975/pdf?version=1710129664","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1320753495","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62201124","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1745832156","display_name":"Irrationality of Periods and Arithmetic of Abelian Varieties","funder_award_id":"2201124","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1847997461","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42027805","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3921999523","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202780","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8886057829","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"6220112","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392644789.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1968632379","https://openalex.org/W2023620992","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2109363365","https://openalex.org/W2144158572","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2476548250","https://openalex.org/W2551083396","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2619158701","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2774244034","https://openalex.org/W2809395972","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2925359305","https://openalex.org/W2928007866","https://openalex.org/W2961699889","https://openalex.org/W2962721361","https://openalex.org/W2962766617","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963299996","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2972395464","https://openalex.org/W2981577079","https://openalex.org/W2989604896","https://openalex.org/W3035396860","https://openalex.org/W3038948729","https://openalex.org/W3092829565","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3117374221","https://openalex.org/W3138958001","https://openalex.org/W3177052299","https://openalex.org/W3180954604","https://openalex.org/W3184840388","https://openalex.org/W3200733355","https://openalex.org/W3213677878","https://openalex.org/W4206351484","https://openalex.org/W4207076822","https://openalex.org/W4229373083","https://openalex.org/W4281762445","https://openalex.org/W4311005226","https://openalex.org/W4313022244","https://openalex.org/W4316660607","https://openalex.org/W4320498410","https://openalex.org/W4322730913","https://openalex.org/W4378225738","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6642460114","https://openalex.org/W6803629540","https://openalex.org/W6806343435","https://openalex.org/W6807422500"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2382997850","https://openalex.org/W2390968135","https://openalex.org/W2382213751","https://openalex.org/W2351750670","https://openalex.org/W1597848696","https://openalex.org/W2354715126","https://openalex.org/W2388563748","https://openalex.org/W2033914206","https://openalex.org/W2042327336","https://openalex.org/W4386159726"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning-based":[1],"ship-detection":[2,54,71,224],"methods":[3],"have":[4,39],"recently":[5],"achieved":[6],"impressive":[7],"results":[8],"in":[9,36,73],"the":[10,28,97,102,114,124,138,158,215],"synthetic":[11],"aperture":[12],"radar":[13],"(SAR)":[14],"community.":[15],"However,":[16],"numerous":[17],"challenging":[18],"issues":[19],"affecting":[20],"ship":[21,80,103,169],"detection,":[22,170],"such":[23],"as":[24],"multi-scale":[25,142,146],"characteristics":[26],"of":[27,69,101,123,141,160],"ship,":[29],"clutter":[30],"interference,":[31,87],"and":[32,99,130,150,163,166,187,194,211],"densely":[33,167],"arranged":[34,168],"ships":[35],"complex":[37,74,85],"inshore,":[38],"not":[40],"been":[41],"well":[42],"solved":[43],"so":[44],"far.":[45],"Therefore,":[46],"this":[47],"article":[48],"puts":[49],"forward":[50],"a":[51,62,90,173],"novel":[52],"SAR":[53,79,202,207,223],"method":[55,217],"called":[56],"multi-level":[57],"feature-refinement":[58,92],"anchor-free":[59],"framework":[60],"with":[61],"consistent":[63,174,179,188],"label-assignment":[64,175],"mechanism,":[65],"which":[66,135],"is":[67,82,218],"capable":[68],"boosting":[70],"performance":[72],"scenes.":[75],"First,":[76],"considering":[77],"that":[78,214],"detection":[81,139],"susceptible":[83],"to":[84,95,156,183,190,220],"background":[86],"we":[88,106,171],"develop":[89],"stepwise":[91],"backbone":[93,115],"network":[94,112,121],"refine":[96],"position":[98],"contour":[100],"object.":[104],"Next,":[105],"devise":[107],"an":[108],"adjacent":[109,118,127,131],"feature-refined":[110,119],"pyramid":[111,120],"following":[113],"network.":[116],"The":[117],"consists":[122],"sub-pixel":[125],"sampling-based":[126],"feature-fusion":[128],"sub-module":[129],"feature-localization":[132],"enhancement":[133],"sub-module,":[134],"can":[136],"improve":[137],"capability":[140],"objects":[143],"by":[144],"mitigating":[145],"high-level":[147],"semantic":[148],"loss":[149],"enhancing":[151],"low-level":[152],"localization":[153],"features.":[154],"Finally,":[155],"solve":[157],"problems":[159],"unbalanced":[161],"positive":[162],"negative":[164],"samples":[165],"propose":[172],"mechanism":[176],"based":[177],"on":[178,197],"feature":[180],"scale":[181],"constraints":[182],"assign":[184],"more":[185],"appropriate":[186],"labels":[189],"samples.":[191],"Extensive":[192],"qualitative":[193],"quantitative":[195],"experiments":[196],"three":[198],"public":[199],"datasets,":[200],"i.e.,":[201],"Ship-Detection":[203],"Dataset":[204,209],"(SSDD),":[205],"High-Resolution":[206],"Image":[208],"(HRSID),":[210],"SAR-Ship-Dataset":[212],"illustrate":[213],"proposed":[216],"superior":[219],"many":[221],"state-of-the-art":[222],"methods.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
