{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392658274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16060973","title":"Spatial\u2013Temporal Approach and Dataset for Enhancing Cloud Detection in Sentinel-2 Imagery: A Case Study in China","display_name":"Spatial\u2013Temporal Approach and Dataset for Enhancing Cloud Detection in Sentinel-2 Imagery: A Case Study in China","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392658274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16060973"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16060973","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16060973","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/6/973/pdf?version=1710139434","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/6/973/pdf?version=1710139434","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110600725","display_name":"Chengjuan Gong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengjuan Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018173598","display_name":"Ranyu Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5594-0815"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ranyu Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112970588","display_name":"Tengfei Long","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3572-4415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tengfei Long","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002628191","display_name":"Weili Jiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1156-9860"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weili Jiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048350041","display_name":"Guojin He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7225-7276"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guojin He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102825033","display_name":"Guizhou Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2347-8416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guizhou Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018173598"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.0347,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87561904,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"6","first_page":"973","last_page":"973"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.592976450920105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.4857504963874817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.45513594150543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3908595144748688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.35203951597213745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.25729095935821533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.15966859459877014}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.592976450920105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.4857504963874817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.45513594150543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3908595144748688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.35203951597213745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.25729095935821533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.15966859459877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16060973","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16060973","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/6/973/pdf?version=1710139434","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ab013669cdb9443395db052455f2577c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ab013669cdb9443395db052455f2577c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 6, p 973 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16060973","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16060973","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/6/973/pdf?version=1710139434","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392658274.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973749534","https://openalex.org/W2001599060","https://openalex.org/W2030851497","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2103039718","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2499316477","https://openalex.org/W2517986957","https://openalex.org/W2584454718","https://openalex.org/W2764034829","https://openalex.org/W2771508394","https://openalex.org/W2782522152","https://openalex.org/W2804737541","https://openalex.org/W2892702037","https://openalex.org/W2906853545","https://openalex.org/W2910101086","https://openalex.org/W2950314938","https://openalex.org/W2964309882","https://openalex.org/W2995934920","https://openalex.org/W3019130806","https://openalex.org/W3028832936","https://openalex.org/W3036537709","https://openalex.org/W3045701045","https://openalex.org/W3082766779","https://openalex.org/W3153500217","https://openalex.org/W3182928821","https://openalex.org/W3192168220","https://openalex.org/W3207467393","https://openalex.org/W4205289408","https://openalex.org/W4221056521","https://openalex.org/W4224028831","https://openalex.org/W4292702164","https://openalex.org/W4385805065","https://openalex.org/W4388407974","https://openalex.org/W6793632581"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4244478748","https://openalex.org/W4223488648","https://openalex.org/W2134969820","https://openalex.org/W2251605416","https://openalex.org/W2560439919","https://openalex.org/W4389340727","https://openalex.org/W3150465815","https://openalex.org/W1997222214","https://openalex.org/W2802581102"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Clouds":[0],"often":[1],"cause":[2],"challenges":[3],"during":[4],"the":[5,21,34,125,211,216,219,228,249,262,265],"application":[6],"of":[7,27,33,110,127,189,201,237,264],"optical":[8],"satellite":[9],"images.":[10],"Masking":[11],"clouds":[12,57,98,190],"and":[13,58,99,120,129,142,154,161,186,191,213,223,253,269],"cloud":[14,38,43,59,75,91,168,192,254],"shadows":[15],"is":[16],"a":[17,28,86,199],"crucial":[18,165],"step":[19],"in":[20,31,77],"image":[22],"preprocessing":[23],"workflow.":[24],"The":[25,156,170,206],"absence":[26],"thermal":[29],"band":[30],"products":[32],"Sentinel-2":[35,78],"series":[36],"complicates":[37],"detection.":[39,169],"Additionally,":[40],"most":[41],"existing":[42,266],"detection":[44,76,92,188,255],"methods":[45],"provide":[46],"binary":[47],"results":[48,119,157,256,263],"(cloud":[49],"or":[50],"non-cloud),":[51],"which":[52],"lack":[53],"information":[54],"on":[55,138,179],"thin":[56,97],"shadows.":[60],"This":[61],"study":[62],"attempted":[63],"to":[64,73,115],"use":[65],"end-to-end":[66],"supervised":[67],"spatial\u2013temporal":[68],"deep":[69],"learning":[70],"(STDL)":[71],"models":[72,136,172,208],"enhance":[74],"imagery":[79],"for":[80,89,96,166],"China.":[81],"To":[82],"support":[83],"this":[84],"workflow,":[85],"new":[87],"dataset":[88,181],"time-series":[90,104],"featuring":[93],"high-quality":[94,167],"labels":[95,252],"haze":[100],"was":[101,113],"constructed":[102,133],"through":[103],"interpretation.":[105],"A":[106],"classification":[107,144],"system":[108],"consisting":[109],"six":[111],"categories":[112],"employed":[114],"obtain":[116],"more":[117],"detailed":[118,187],"reduce":[121],"intra-class":[122],"variance.":[123],"Considering":[124],"balance":[126],"accuracy":[128,184,234],"computational":[130,242],"efficiency,":[131],"we":[132],"four":[134,196],"STDL":[135,171,207],"based":[137],"shared-weight":[139],"convolution":[140],"modules":[141,145],"different":[143],"(dense,":[146],"long":[147],"short-term":[148],"memory":[149],"(LSTM),":[150],"bidirectional":[151],"LSTM":[152],"(Bi-LSTM),":[153],"transformer).":[155],"indicated":[158],"that":[159,176,209,214,236,248],"spatial":[160],"temporal":[162],"features":[163],"were":[164,177,204],"with":[173,198,258],"simple":[174],"architectures":[175],"trained":[178],"our":[180,259],"achieved":[182],"excellent":[183],"performance":[185],"shadows,":[193],"although":[194],"only":[195],"bands":[197],"resolution":[200],"10":[202],"m":[203],"used.":[205],"used":[210,215],"Bi-LSTM":[212],"transformer":[217,229],"as":[218],"classifier":[220,230],"showed":[221],"high":[222],"close":[224],"overall":[225],"accuracies.":[226],"While":[227],"exhibited":[231],"slightly":[232],"lower":[233],"than":[235],"Bi-LSTM,":[238],"it":[239],"offered":[240],"greater":[241],"efficiency.":[243],"Comparative":[244],"experiments":[245],"also":[246],"demonstrated":[247],"usable":[250],"data":[251],"obtained":[257],"workflow":[260],"outperformed":[261],"s2cloudless,":[267],"MAJA,":[268],"CS+":[270],"methods.":[271]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T06:51:31.235846","created_date":"2024-03-12T00:00:00"}
