{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392232704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16050825","title":"Individual Tree Segmentation Based on Seed Points Detected by an Adaptive Crown Shaped Algorithm Using UAV-LiDAR Data","display_name":"Individual Tree Segmentation Based on Seed Points Detected by an Adaptive Crown Shaped Algorithm Using UAV-LiDAR Data","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392232704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16050825"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16050825","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16050825","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/5/825/pdf?version=1709049002","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/5/825/pdf?version=1709049002","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103142241","display_name":"Jiao Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0418-5702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159790","display_name":"Institute of Earth Environment","ror":"https://ror.org/04nps9965","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210159790"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiao Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Big Data Center for Geosciences and Satellites, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","Key Laboratory of Loess, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","Key Laboratory of Loess, Xi'an 710054, China","Big Data Center for Geosciences and Satellites, Xi'an 710054, China","College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Big Data Center for Geosciences and Satellites, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Loess, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159790"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Loess, Xi'an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159790"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Big Data Center for Geosciences and Satellites, Xi'an 710054, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100381331","display_name":"Lei Lei","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159790","display_name":"Institute of Earth Environment","ror":"https://ror.org/04nps9965","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210159790"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Big Data Center for Geosciences and Satellites, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","Key Laboratory of Loess, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","Key Laboratory of Loess, Xi'an 710054, China","Big Data Center for Geosciences and Satellites, Xi'an 710054, China","College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Big Data Center for Geosciences and Satellites, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Loess, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159790"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Loess, Xi'an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159790"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Big Data Center for Geosciences and Satellites, Xi'an 710054, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007427445","display_name":"Zhenhong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4187-6243"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159790","display_name":"Institute of Earth Environment","ror":"https://ror.org/04nps9965","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210159790"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhenhong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","Key Laboratory of Ecological Geology and Disaster Prevention, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","Key Laboratory of Loess, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","Key Laboratory of Ecological Geology and Disaster Prevention, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xi'an 710054, China","College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China","Key Laboratory of Loess, Xi'an 710054, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Ecological Geology and Disaster Prevention, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I211433327"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Loess, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159790"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Ecological Geology and Disaster Prevention, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xi'an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I211433327"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Loess, Xi'an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159790"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007427445"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I25355098","https://openalex.org/I4210159790"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":4.5492,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95409615,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"5","first_page":"825","last_page":"825"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12729","display_name":"Tree Root and Stability Studies","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.6647012233734131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crown","display_name":"Crown (dentistry)","score":0.6343685984611511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5537737011909485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5212517380714417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.5117001533508301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4431294798851013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.43207719922065735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34914344549179077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.21926191449165344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1920616328716278}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.6647012233734131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778400979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q143720","display_name":"Crown (dentistry)","level":2,"score":0.6343685984611511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5537737011909485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5212517380714417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.5117001533508301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4431294798851013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.43207719922065735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34914344549179077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.21926191449165344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1920616328716278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199343813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128","display_name":"Dentistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16050825","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16050825","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/5/825/pdf?version=1709049002","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1fbba5edf07f41ba821c0c5153ea393e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1fbba5edf07f41ba821c0c5153ea393e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 5, p 825 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16050825","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16050825","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/5/825/pdf?version=1709049002","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.75}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392232704.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994434338","https://openalex.org/W2006264326","https://openalex.org/W2010371988","https://openalex.org/W2033827163","https://openalex.org/W2034933046","https://openalex.org/W2065258204","https://openalex.org/W2069975764","https://openalex.org/W2090435005","https://openalex.org/W2107250927","https://openalex.org/W2131058553","https://openalex.org/W2145989165","https://openalex.org/W2165148193","https://openalex.org/W2169059815","https://openalex.org/W2320875249","https://openalex.org/W2322716129","https://openalex.org/W2331376978","https://openalex.org/W2366994955","https://openalex.org/W2380441518","https://openalex.org/W2440986827","https://openalex.org/W2736175644","https://openalex.org/W2808669843","https://openalex.org/W2885986511","https://openalex.org/W2936497219","https://openalex.org/W2969562852","https://openalex.org/W2972911440","https://openalex.org/W3004769717","https://openalex.org/W3011477772","https://openalex.org/W3014552097","https://openalex.org/W3107064847","https://openalex.org/W3121308055","https://openalex.org/W3152882560","https://openalex.org/W3159299770","https://openalex.org/W3205597585","https://openalex.org/W4206816400","https://openalex.org/W4206829487","https://openalex.org/W4306404301","https://openalex.org/W4322733774","https://openalex.org/W4385536159","https://openalex.org/W6718470890","https://openalex.org/W7054676695"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2956374172","https://openalex.org/W4281783339","https://openalex.org/W2351984678","https://openalex.org/W2140032575","https://openalex.org/W2011860471","https://openalex.org/W2012196540","https://openalex.org/W3011451421","https://openalex.org/W1556261626"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unmanned":[0],"aerial":[1],"vehicle\u2013light":[2],"detection":[3,213,273,336],"and":[4,10,67,87,123,142,155,208,217,220,237,254,274,295,318,323,337],"ranging":[5],"(UAV-LiDAR)":[6],"provides":[7],"a":[8,37,187],"convenient":[9],"economical":[11],"means":[12],"of":[13,51,57,109,165,210,258,270,279,301],"forest":[14,31,121,128,133,138,144],"data":[15],"acquisition":[16],"that":[17,204,221],"can":[18,83,243],"penetrate":[19],"canopy":[20],"gaps":[21],"to":[22,39,160,179,293],"obtain":[23,40],"abundant":[24],"ground":[25],"information,":[26],"offering":[27],"huge":[28],"potential":[29],"in":[30,85,90,116,291,309,320],"inventory.":[32],"Individual":[33],"tree":[34,42,80,105,199,227,281,311,339],"segmentation":[35,106,228],"is":[36,45],"prerequisite":[38],"individual":[41,79,104,198,226,280,310,338],"details":[43],"but":[44],"highly":[46],"dependent":[47,72],"on":[48,73,192,333],"the":[49,58,63,74,110,149,162,166,169,176,181,205,222,230,249,256,268,277,285,299],"accuracy":[50,223,269],"seed":[52,184,193,211,246,271,302,334],"point":[53,151,212,272,335],"detection.":[54],"However,":[55],"most":[56],"existing":[59],"methods,":[60,69],"such":[61],"as":[62,183,304,306],"local":[64],"maximum":[65],"(LM)":[66],"CHM-based":[68,296],"are":[70],"strongly":[71],"window":[75,111],"size,":[76],"and,":[77],"for":[78,103,197,225,229,298,330],"segmentation,":[81],"they":[82],"result":[84],"over-segmentation":[86],"under-segmentation,":[88],"especially":[89],"natural":[91,324],"forests.":[92],"In":[93,283],"this":[94],"paper,":[95],"we":[96],"propose":[97],"an":[98,327],"adaptive":[99,250],"crown":[100,170,177,251],"shaped":[101,252],"algorithm":[102,253,287],"without":[107],"consideration":[108],"size.":[112],"It":[113],"was":[114,195],"implemented":[115],"four":[117,231],"plots":[118,232],"with":[119,129,134,139,145],"different":[120],"types":[122],"topographies":[124],"(i.e.,":[125],"planted":[126],"coniferous":[127,132],"flat":[130,140,146],"terrain,":[131,136],"sloping":[135],"mixed":[137],"terrain":[141],"broadleaf":[143],"terrain).":[147],"First,":[148],"normalized":[150],"clouds":[152],"were":[153,172,233],"rotated":[154],"blocked":[156],"at":[157],"multiple":[158],"angles":[159],"extract":[161,180],"surface":[163],"points":[164,194,247],"forest.":[167],"Then,":[168],"boundaries":[171],"delineated":[173],"by":[174,261],"analyzing":[175],"profiles":[178],"treetops":[182],"points.":[185],"Finally,":[186],"region":[188],"growing":[189],"method":[190,242,315],"based":[191],"applied":[196],"segmentation.":[200,282,312,340],"Our":[201,240],"results":[202],"showed":[203],"recall,":[206],"precision":[207,278],"F1-score":[209],"reached":[214],"91.6%,":[215],"95.9%":[216],"0.94,":[218],"respectively,":[219],"rates":[224],"87.7%,":[234],"80.6%,":[235],"73.2%":[236],"70.5%,":[238],"respectively.":[239],"proposed":[241,286,314],"effectively":[244],"detect":[245],"via":[248],"reduce":[255],"impacts":[257],"elongated":[259],"branches":[260],"applying":[262],"distance":[263],"thresholds":[264],"between":[265],"trees,":[266],"enhancing":[267],"subsequently":[275],"improving":[276],"addition,":[284],"demonstrated":[288],"superior":[289],"performance":[290],"comparison":[292],"LM":[294],"methods":[297],"calculation":[300],"points,":[303],"well":[305],"outperforming":[307],"PCS":[308],"The":[313],"demonstrates":[316],"effectiveness":[317],"feasibility":[319],"dense":[321],"forests":[322],"forests,":[325],"providing":[326],"important":[328],"reference":[329],"future":[331],"research":[332]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}