{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392154908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16050810","title":"Optimizing the Deployment of Ground Tracking Stations for Low Earth Orbit Satellite Constellations Based on Evolutionary Algorithms","display_name":"Optimizing the Deployment of Ground Tracking Stations for Low Earth Orbit Satellite Constellations Based on Evolutionary Algorithms","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392154908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16050810"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16050810","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16050810","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/5/810/pdf?version=1708931102","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/5/810/pdf?version=1708931102","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094002066","display_name":"Mansour Kralfallah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2469-8842"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mansour Kralfallah","raw_affiliation_strings":["SNARS Laboratory, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SNARS Laboratory, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025357165","display_name":"Falin Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0298-9476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Falin Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["SNARS Laboratory, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SNARS Laboratory, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013691433","display_name":"Afnan Tahir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7159-6445"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800956529","display_name":"Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/042k6ee15","country_code":"PK","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800956529"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Afnan Tahir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), SUPARCO Rd, P.O. Box 8402, Karachi 75270, Pakistan","SNARS Laboratory, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), SUPARCO Rd, P.O. Box 8402, Karachi 75270, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800956529"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SNARS Laboratory, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073878524","display_name":"Amel Oubara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5336-2505"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amel Oubara","raw_affiliation_strings":["SNARS Laboratory, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SNARS Laboratory, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058779185","display_name":"Xiaohong Sui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2376-448X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194716290","display_name":"China Academy of Space Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/025397a59","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194716290","https://openalex.org/I2802615301"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohong Sui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Remote Sensing Satellite, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Remote Sensing Satellite, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194716290"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025357165"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.7807,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91807533,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"5","first_page":"810","last_page":"810"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11325","display_name":"Inertial Sensor and Navigation","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constellation","display_name":"Constellation","score":0.8158844709396362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-earth-orbit","display_name":"Low earth orbit","score":0.7148380279541016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-constellation","display_name":"Satellite constellation","score":0.7054797410964966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.6543537378311157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.6251087188720703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5937705039978027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-tracking","display_name":"Satellite tracking","score":0.5171027183532715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geocentric-orbit","display_name":"Geocentric orbit","score":0.5136441588401794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49522510170936584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.46670839190483093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earth-observation-satellite","display_name":"Earth observation satellite","score":0.4588426351547241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medium-earth-orbit","display_name":"Medium Earth orbit","score":0.44810739159584045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-station","display_name":"Ground station","score":0.42233943939208984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.42007723450660706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.394618958234787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.3756566047668457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2591400742530823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.18268820643424988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astronomy","display_name":"Astronomy","score":0.13276469707489014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12088486552238464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.8158844709396362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018325918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663611","display_name":"Low earth orbit","level":3,"score":0.7148380279541016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779784338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967145","display_name":"Satellite constellation","level":3,"score":0.7054797410964966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.6543537378311157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.6251087188720703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5937705039978027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985889645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite tracking","level":3,"score":0.5171027183532715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154978347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1579577","display_name":"Geocentric orbit","level":3,"score":0.5136441588401794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49522510170936584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.46670839190483093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987528665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854845","display_name":"Earth observation satellite","level":3,"score":0.4588426351547241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199301463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218414","display_name":"Medium Earth orbit","level":4,"score":0.44810739159584045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989135121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349167","display_name":"Ground station","level":3,"score":0.42233943939208984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.42007723450660706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.394618958234787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.3756566047668457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2591400742530823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.18268820643424988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.13276469707489014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12088486552238464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16050810","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16050810","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/5/810/pdf?version=1708931102","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:10bb88481c684e08a7b07cdd0bc4f913","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/10bb88481c684e08a7b07cdd0bc4f913","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 5, p 810 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16050810","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16050810","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/5/810/pdf?version=1708931102","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392154908.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1094560243","https://openalex.org/W2084389047","https://openalex.org/W2085531132","https://openalex.org/W2094875868","https://openalex.org/W2156202294","https://openalex.org/W2186664960","https://openalex.org/W2573739355","https://openalex.org/W2577876429","https://openalex.org/W2612867343","https://openalex.org/W2801080295","https://openalex.org/W2892301584","https://openalex.org/W2912843522","https://openalex.org/W2915777987","https://openalex.org/W2949341289","https://openalex.org/W2955523475","https://openalex.org/W2963218132","https://openalex.org/W2969475090","https://openalex.org/W3021894267","https://openalex.org/W3035009493","https://openalex.org/W3045463547","https://openalex.org/W3092403076","https://openalex.org/W3092929875","https://openalex.org/W3133572961","https://openalex.org/W3168216715","https://openalex.org/W3186368119","https://openalex.org/W3194195445","https://openalex.org/W3213174907","https://openalex.org/W4200528635","https://openalex.org/W4240109574","https://openalex.org/W4307122611"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2533269008","https://openalex.org/W2029760101","https://openalex.org/W2914376992","https://openalex.org/W4292263897","https://openalex.org/W2367913868","https://openalex.org/W1640258321","https://openalex.org/W4244414460","https://openalex.org/W2591048154","https://openalex.org/W4320912135","https://openalex.org/W2161919543"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Low":[0],"Earth":[1],"orbit":[2,28,34],"(LEO)":[3],"satellite":[4,149],"constellations":[5],"have":[6],"emerged":[7],"as":[8],"an":[9,33,70,171,179],"effective":[10],"alternative":[11],"for":[12,84,116,133,142,167,195,215],"the":[13,41,59,77,90,107,121,127,139,143,148],"provision":[14],"of":[15,45,63,81,95,152,161,174,182,199],"high-accuracy":[16],"positioning,":[17],"navigation":[18,65],"and":[19,29,43,79,130,176,189,204,221,226,231],"timing":[20],"(PNT)":[21],"solutions":[22],"which":[23],"are":[24,97,104,124,193,209],"based":[25],"on":[26,40,126],"high-precision":[27],"clock":[30],"information.":[31],"Determining":[32],"with":[35,170,178,228],"high":[36],"precision":[37,153],"is":[38,51,73,114,147,156,165],"dependent":[39],"number":[42,78],"distribution":[44,91],"ground":[46,82,102,128,163,191,233],"tracking":[47,85],"stations.":[48],"Therefore,":[49],"it":[50],"important":[52],"to":[53,75,89,223],"investigate":[54],"methodologies":[55],"that":[56,158],"can":[57],"ensure":[58],"adequate":[60],"observing":[61,131,135,172,180],"coverage":[62,136],"LEO":[64,86],"constellations.":[66,87],"In":[67],"this":[68],"study,":[69],"evolutionary":[71],"algorithm":[72],"applied":[74],"optimize":[76],"deployment":[80,145,160],"stations":[83,103,164,192],"According":[88],"area,":[92],"two":[93],"schemes":[94],"study":[96],"analyzed:":[98],"(a)":[99],"global":[100,119],"deployment\u2014the":[101],"deployed":[105],"throughout":[106],"globe;":[108],"(b)":[109],"regional":[110,144,185],"deployment\u2014a":[111],"selected":[112],"region":[113],"used":[115,194],"deployment.":[117],"For":[118,184],"deployment,":[120],"optimization":[122],"objectives":[123],"focused":[125],"station":[129],"rate":[132,173,181],"k-heavy":[134],"(HC),":[137],"while":[138],"sole":[140],"objective":[141],"scheme":[146],"position":[150],"dilution":[151],"(SPDOP).":[154],"It":[155],"shown":[157],"a":[159],"95":[162],"optimal":[166,197],"achieving":[168],"3-HC":[169],"97.37%":[175],"4-HC":[177],"92.01%.":[183],"distribution,":[186],"15,":[187,229],"20":[188,230],"25":[190,232],"three":[196],"configurations":[198],"SPDOP":[200,216],"at":[201],"2.058,":[202,219],"1.399":[203,220],"1.330,":[205],"respectively.":[206,235],"The":[207],"results":[208],"significantly":[210],"enhanced":[211],"using":[212],"intersatellite":[213],"links":[214],"evaluation,":[217],"from":[218],"1.330":[222],"0.439,":[224],"0.422":[225],"0.409,":[227],"stations,":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-12-21T01:58:51.020947","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
