{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392154986","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16050797","title":"Segment Anything Model Can Not Segment Anything: Assessing AI Foundation Model\u2019s Generalizability in Permafrost Mapping","display_name":"Segment Anything Model Can Not Segment Anything: Assessing AI Foundation Model\u2019s Generalizability in Permafrost Mapping","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392154986","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16050797"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16050797","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16050797","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/5/797/pdf?version=1708956459","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/5/797/pdf?version=1708956459","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100338179","display_name":"Wenwen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2237-9499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wenwen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047929591","display_name":"Chia-Yu Hsu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8923-1213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chia-Yu Hsu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101536427","display_name":"Sizhe Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3385-5246"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sizhe Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA","School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002278578","display_name":"Yezhou Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0126-8976"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1313003366","display_name":"Woodwell Climate Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04cvvej54","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313003366"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yezhou Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA","Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, MA 02540, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, MA 02540, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1313003366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066752566","display_name":"Hyunho Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3172-996X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyunho Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056688222","display_name":"Anna Liljedahl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7114-6443"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1313003366","display_name":"Woodwell Climate Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04cvvej54","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313003366"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Liljedahl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, MA 02540, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, MA 02540, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1313003366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019050529","display_name":"Chandi Witharana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7587-535X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I140172145","display_name":"University of Connecticut","ror":"https://ror.org/02der9h97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chandi Witharana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001248065","display_name":"Yili Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1791-3899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1313003366","display_name":"Woodwell Climate Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04cvvej54","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313003366"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yili Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA","Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, MA 02540, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, MA 02540, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1313003366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001963692","display_name":"Brendan M. Rogers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6711-8466"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1313003366","display_name":"Woodwell Climate Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04cvvej54","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313003366"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brendan M. Rogers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, MA 02540, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, MA 02540, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1313003366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070313758","display_name":"Samantha T. Arundel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4863-0138"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1286329397","display_name":"United States Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I1335927249"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samantha T. Arundel","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Geological Survey, Center of Excellence for Geospatial Information Science, Rolla, MO 65401, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Geological Survey, Center of Excellence for Geospatial Information Science, Rolla, MO 65401, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081390013","display_name":"Matthew B. Jones","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0077-4738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100421","display_name":"National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis","ror":"https://ror.org/0146z4r19","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441","https://openalex.org/I4210100421"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew B. Jones","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Center for Ecological Analysis & Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Center for Ecological Analysis & Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100421","https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059328010","display_name":"Kenton McHenry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0367-2550"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135837","display_name":"National Center for Supercomputing Applications","ror":"https://ror.org/03r10zj06","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225","https://openalex.org/I4210135837"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenton McHenry","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA), University of Illinois at Urbana, Champaign, IL 61820, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA), University of Illinois at Urbana, Champaign, IL 61820, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135837","https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008824624","display_name":"Patricia Sol\u00eds","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1374-9400"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patricia Solis","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":13,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100338179"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":11.26,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99298705,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"5","first_page":"797","last_page":"797"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11333","display_name":"Climate change and permafrost","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11333","display_name":"Climate change and permafrost","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12682","display_name":"Smart Materials for Construction","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalizability-theory","display_name":"Generalizability theory","score":0.7895533442497253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permafrost","display_name":"Permafrost","score":0.7808051705360413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foundation","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","score":0.6828901767730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.397754967212677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.130682110786438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12288528680801392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/archaeology","display_name":"Archaeology","score":0.09985065460205078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.09435394406318665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07531270384788513}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.7895533442497253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15098985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179918","display_name":"Permafrost","level":2,"score":0.7808051705360413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.6828901767730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.397754967212677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.130682110786438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12288528680801392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.09985065460205078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.09435394406318665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07531270384788513}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16050797","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16050797","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/5/797/pdf?version=1708956459","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cbc58a9c457941a3ae5a2b4e1d4fde77","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cbc58a9c457941a3ae5a2b4e1d4fde77","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 5, p 797 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16050797","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16050797","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/5/797/pdf?version=1708956459","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.5299999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392154986.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2121927366","https://openalex.org/W2300504305","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2948672349","https://openalex.org/W2957984918","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W3037702162","https://openalex.org/W3135367836","https://openalex.org/W3152083889","https://openalex.org/W3194059001","https://openalex.org/W3202370220","https://openalex.org/W3210959000","https://openalex.org/W4214836092","https://openalex.org/W4285043263","https://openalex.org/W4290832506","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W4293200565","https://openalex.org/W4308986509","https://openalex.org/W4312578992","https://openalex.org/W4312769131","https://openalex.org/W4320005576","https://openalex.org/W4386607535","https://openalex.org/W4390874575","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6778883912","https://openalex.org/W6780022968","https://openalex.org/W6841517057","https://openalex.org/W7053164254"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982366144","https://openalex.org/W1824336683","https://openalex.org/W2900526884","https://openalex.org/W1975043628","https://openalex.org/W2349454828","https://openalex.org/W4252886933","https://openalex.org/W2941001766","https://openalex.org/W4297535931","https://openalex.org/W155785168","https://openalex.org/W3085474239"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,40,70],"assesses":[2],"trending":[3],"AI":[4,44,91],"foundation":[5,11,24,45,64,76,118],"models,":[6,93],"especially":[7,94],"emerging":[8],"computer":[9],"vision":[10,83,92],"models":[12,46,65,77],"and":[13,47,141,155,180,186,194,216],"their":[14,48,174,184],"performance":[15,88,130],"in":[16,245],"natural":[17],"landscape":[18],"feature":[19,151],"segmentation.":[20],"While":[21],"the":[22,31,53,63,72,87,108],"term":[23],"model":[25],"has":[26,205],"quickly":[27],"garnered":[28],"interest":[29],"from":[30],"geospatial":[32,79,247],"domain,":[33],"its":[34,114,132],"definition":[35],"remains":[36],"vague.":[37],"Hence,":[38],"this":[39,69,220],"will":[41],"first":[42],"introduce":[43],"defining":[49],"characteristics.":[50],"Built":[51],"upon":[52],"tremendous":[54],"success":[55],"achieved":[56],"by":[57],"Large":[58],"Language":[59],"Models":[60],"(LLMs)":[61],"as":[62,116],"for":[66,78,191,207,231],"language":[67],"tasks,":[68],"discusses":[71],"challenges":[73],"of":[74,89,122,136,219],"building":[75],"artificial":[80],"intelligence":[81],"(GeoAI)":[82],"tasks.":[84],"To":[85],"evaluate":[86],"large":[90],"Meta\u2019s":[95],"Segment":[96],"Anything":[97],"Model":[98],"(SAM),":[99],"we":[100,236],"implemented":[101],"different":[102],"instance":[103],"segmentation":[104],"pipelines":[105],"that":[106,200,241],"minimize":[107],"changes":[109,187],"to":[110,112,127,167,173,209],"SAM":[111,203],"leverage":[113],"power":[115],"a":[117,226],"model.":[119],"A":[120],"series":[121],"prompt":[123],"strategies":[124],"were":[125],"developed":[126],"test":[128],"SAM\u2019s":[129,243],"regarding":[131],"theoretical":[133],"upper":[134],"bound":[135],"predictive":[137],"accuracy,":[138],"zero-shot":[139],"performance,":[140],"domain":[142,217],"adaptability":[143],"through":[144],"fine-tuning.":[145],"The":[146,197,214],"analysis":[147],"used":[148],"two":[149],"permafrost":[150],"datasets,":[152],"ice-wedge":[153],"polygons":[154],"retrogressive":[156],"thaw":[157],"slumps":[158],"because":[159],"(1)":[160],"these":[161],"landform":[162],"features":[163,171],"are":[164,188],"more":[165,227],"challenging":[166,246],"segment":[168],"than":[169],"man-made":[170],"due":[172],"complicated":[175],"formation":[176],"mechanisms,":[177],"diverse":[178],"forms,":[179],"vague":[181],"boundaries;":[182],"(2)":[183],"presence":[185],"important":[189],"indicators":[190],"Arctic":[192],"warming":[193],"climate":[195],"change.":[196],"results":[198],"show":[199],"although":[201],"promising,":[202],"still":[204],"room":[206],"improvement":[208],"support":[210],"AI-augmented":[211],"terrain":[212],"mapping.":[213,234],"spatial":[215],"generalizability":[218],"finding":[221],"is":[222],"further":[223],"validated":[224],"using":[225],"general":[228],"dataset":[229],"EuroCrops":[230],"agricultural":[232],"field":[233],"Finally,":[235],"discuss":[237],"future":[238],"research":[239],"directions":[240],"strengthen":[242],"applicability":[244],"domains.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-01-23T23:20:30.427331","created_date":"2024-02-27T00:00:00"}