{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391972686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16050742","title":"An Instrument Error Correlation Model for Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry","display_name":"An Instrument Error Correlation Model for Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391972686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16050742"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16050742","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16050742","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/5/742/pdf?version=1708441400","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/5/742/pdf?version=1708441400","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056729865","display_name":"C. E. Powell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4757-782X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"C. E. Powell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076495698","display_name":"Christopher S. Ruf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5937-4483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher S. Ruf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022152022","display_name":"Darren McKague","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0297-0388"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Darren S. McKague","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030490522","display_name":"Tianlin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4925-5915"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334627681","display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/027k65916","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786","https://openalex.org/I1334627681","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianlin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91011, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91011, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334627681"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049423771","display_name":"Anthony Russel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1128-9527"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony Russel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056729865"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.5985,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6103644,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"5","first_page":"742","last_page":"742"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.8060672283172607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.6970168948173523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6191587448120117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflectometry","display_name":"Reflectometry","score":0.6089983582496643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5968747138977051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-assimilation","display_name":"Data assimilation","score":0.5192330479621887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5027596950531006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance","display_name":"Covariance","score":0.5006012916564941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-navigation","display_name":"Satellite navigation","score":0.45835959911346436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance-matrix","display_name":"Covariance matrix","score":0.4437459111213684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dilution-of-precision","display_name":"Dilution of precision","score":0.429745078086853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.34357744455337524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.33580484986305237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.29693251848220825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.24037384986877441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18300089240074158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.17418226599693298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1620013415813446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1242016851902008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.076539546251297}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.8060672283172607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.6970168948173523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6191587448120117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778925768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454718","display_name":"Reflectometry","level":3,"score":0.6089983582496643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5968747138977051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24552861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2670177","display_name":"Data assimilation","level":2,"score":0.5192330479621887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5027596950531006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178650346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201984","display_name":"Covariance","level":2,"score":0.5006012916564941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36301306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179435","display_name":"Satellite navigation","level":3,"score":0.45835959911346436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185142706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134404","display_name":"Covariance matrix","level":2,"score":0.4437459111213684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200499919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q616896","display_name":"Dilution of precision","level":4,"score":0.429745078086853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.34357744455337524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.33580484986305237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.29693251848220825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.24037384986877441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18300089240074158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17418226599693298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1620013415813446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1242016851902008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.076539546251297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16050742","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16050742","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/5/742/pdf?version=1708441400","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:82d77304d971475286363412fd42373d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/82d77304d971475286363412fd42373d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 5, p 742 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16050742","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16050742","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/5/742/pdf?version=1708441400","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1120742974","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"80NM0018D000","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332375","funder_display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1569617442","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0NM0018D0004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1813891348","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"80NM0018D0004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333962","funder_display_name":"Science Mission Directorate"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1835482159","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NNL13AQ00C","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2676722403","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"80NM0018D0004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332375","funder_display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2846795809","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NNL13AQ00C","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333962","funder_display_name":"Science Mission Directorate"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3648211085","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"80NM0018D0004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7336105542","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"80NM0018D0004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309398","funder_display_name":"California Institute of Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7472321420","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0NM0018D0004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332375","funder_display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309398","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332375","display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/027k65916"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333962","display_name":"Science Mission Directorate","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391972686.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1544921146","https://openalex.org/W1922715195","https://openalex.org/W1976758735","https://openalex.org/W2009121338","https://openalex.org/W2035331188","https://openalex.org/W2058476838","https://openalex.org/W2066455064","https://openalex.org/W2120524679","https://openalex.org/W2134006029","https://openalex.org/W2141433488","https://openalex.org/W2141625713","https://openalex.org/W2148654160","https://openalex.org/W2162543653","https://openalex.org/W2166317254","https://openalex.org/W2179245080","https://openalex.org/W2225765004","https://openalex.org/W2289885025","https://openalex.org/W2329472099","https://openalex.org/W2736011682","https://openalex.org/W2766494753","https://openalex.org/W2767245703","https://openalex.org/W2788639395","https://openalex.org/W2803212219","https://openalex.org/W2807220393","https://openalex.org/W2885395251","https://openalex.org/W2900153597","https://openalex.org/W2951666349","https://openalex.org/W2982976794","https://openalex.org/W2990389847","https://openalex.org/W3025949386","https://openalex.org/W3085447348","https://openalex.org/W3124205539","https://openalex.org/W3131816676","https://openalex.org/W3158468663","https://openalex.org/W3207193604","https://openalex.org/W4226282044","https://openalex.org/W4253789021","https://openalex.org/W4364361342","https://openalex.org/W4390104753","https://openalex.org/W6680440199","https://openalex.org/W6794684424"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2979651660","https://openalex.org/W2989598288","https://openalex.org/W2065350823","https://openalex.org/W2463987300","https://openalex.org/W2367018089","https://openalex.org/W2791500881","https://openalex.org/W1630713849","https://openalex.org/W2385483322","https://openalex.org/W2068158190","https://openalex.org/W2361619788"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"All":[0],"sensing":[1],"systems":[2,33],"have":[3,24,38],"some":[4],"inherent":[5],"error.":[6,43],"Often,":[7],"these":[8,32],"errors":[9],"are":[10,34,97],"systematic,":[11],"and":[12,21,41,76,105],"observations":[13,56,71],"taken":[14],"within":[15],"a":[16,47],"similar":[17],"region":[18],"of":[19],"space":[20],"time":[22],"can":[23,106],"correlated":[25,48,86],"error":[26,49,87,112],"structure.":[27],"However,":[28],"the":[29,85,91],"data":[30,117],"from":[31,57],"frequently":[35],"assumed":[36],"to":[37,83,90,99,109],"completely":[39],"independent":[40],"uncorrelated":[42],"This":[44],"work":[45],"introduces":[46],"model":[50,68],"for":[51,101,115],"GNSS":[52],"reflectometry":[53],"(GNSS-R)":[54],"using":[55],"NASA\u2019s":[58],"Cyclone":[59],"Global":[60],"Navigation":[61],"Satellite":[62],"System":[63],"(CYGNSS).":[64],"We":[65],"validate":[66],"our":[67,78],"against":[69],"near-simultaneous":[70],"between":[72],"two":[73],"CYGNSS":[74],"satellites":[75],"double-difference":[77],"results":[79,96],"with":[80],"modeled":[81],"observables":[82],"extract":[84],"structure":[88],"due":[89],"observing":[92],"system":[93],"itself.":[94],"Our":[95],"useful":[98],"catalog":[100],"future":[102],"GNSS-R":[103],"missions":[104],"be":[107],"applied":[108],"construct":[110],"an":[111],"covariance":[113],"matrix":[114],"weather":[116],"assimilation.":[118]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-16T08:26:57.006410","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}