{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391745815","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16040664","title":"A New Synthetic Aperture Radar Ship Detector Based on Clutter Intensity Statistics in Complex Environments","display_name":"A New Synthetic Aperture Radar Ship Detector Based on Clutter Intensity Statistics in Complex Environments","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391745815","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16040664"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16040664","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16040664","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/4/664/pdf?version=1707743372","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/4/664/pdf?version=1707743372","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079700222","display_name":"Minqin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4333-4468"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minqin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Space Integrated Information System, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100089, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Space Integrated Information System, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100089, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100769742","display_name":"Bo Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5481-980X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Space Integrated Information System, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100089, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Space Integrated Information System, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100089, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075551339","display_name":"Hongbing Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1785-4024"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hongbing Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075551339"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.8987,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92887947,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"4","first_page":"664","last_page":"664"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.912699818611145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant-false-alarm-rate","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","score":0.7902547717094421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.7657991647720337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6337536573410034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-alarm","display_name":"False alarm","score":0.5452064871788025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.5355631709098816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-power","display_name":"Statistical power","score":0.5014810562133789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.4568030536174774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40681135654449463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.39466404914855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3898463845252991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.38807210326194763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.33725959062576294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.3167623281478882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.25308215618133545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.11876276135444641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09570899605751038}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.912699818611145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77052588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644307","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","level":2,"score":0.7902547717094421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.7657991647720337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6337536573410034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776836416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364844","display_name":"False alarm","level":2,"score":0.5452064871788025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.5355631709098816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96608239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199823","display_name":"Statistical power","level":2,"score":0.5014810562133789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.4568030536174774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40681135654449463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.39466404914855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3898463845252991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.38807210326194763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.33725959062576294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3167623281478882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.25308215618133545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.11876276135444641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09570899605751038}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16040664","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16040664","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/4/664/pdf?version=1707743372","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3ff18f2c3a694c51a29a40a89dbd9d4a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3ff18f2c3a694c51a29a40a89dbd9d4a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 4, p 664 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16040664","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16040664","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/4/664/pdf?version=1707743372","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.8600000143051147,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3061847787","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62027801","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391745815.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W142575998","https://openalex.org/W1923947552","https://openalex.org/W1968632379","https://openalex.org/W2026464713","https://openalex.org/W2044921373","https://openalex.org/W2050591193","https://openalex.org/W2100503224","https://openalex.org/W2106340939","https://openalex.org/W2108349280","https://openalex.org/W2114810571","https://openalex.org/W2133504205","https://openalex.org/W2140515654","https://openalex.org/W2149492639","https://openalex.org/W2158698691","https://openalex.org/W2167220279","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2564429410","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2574822506","https://openalex.org/W2583353907","https://openalex.org/W2601621731","https://openalex.org/W2770644646","https://openalex.org/W2799644858","https://openalex.org/W2799646862","https://openalex.org/W2885293501","https://openalex.org/W2896988829","https://openalex.org/W2911541802","https://openalex.org/W2942150053","https://openalex.org/W2961699889","https://openalex.org/W2979691948","https://openalex.org/W3013202050","https://openalex.org/W3014224354","https://openalex.org/W3032837604","https://openalex.org/W3038948729","https://openalex.org/W3128180428","https://openalex.org/W4200017045","https://openalex.org/W4200291287","https://openalex.org/W4312401178","https://openalex.org/W4323566558","https://openalex.org/W4366147537","https://openalex.org/W6605852207","https://openalex.org/W6663128386","https://openalex.org/W6769405405","https://openalex.org/W6851563190"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2388326001","https://openalex.org/W2115015615","https://openalex.org/W2351401443","https://openalex.org/W3011102797","https://openalex.org/W4320921117","https://openalex.org/W2431104759","https://openalex.org/W1649651896","https://openalex.org/W2317958419","https://openalex.org/W2116961228","https://openalex.org/W3173283069"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"complex":[1,95,174],"environments,":[2],"the":[3,15,40,74,87,119,141,145,150,158,180,186,189,195,210,220],"clutter":[4,29,69,110,128],"statistical":[5,30,70,116],"characteristics":[6],"of":[7,19,67,76,126,171,188,209],"synthetic":[8],"aperture":[9],"radar":[10],"(SAR)":[11],"are":[12,132,137],"inconstant,":[13],"and":[14,73,91,102,123,148],"constant":[16],"detection":[17,48,89,160,172,190],"performance":[18],"a":[20,28,38,45,56,77,168],"false":[21,78],"alarm":[22,79],"rate":[23],"(CFAR)":[24],"detector":[25,59,83,182,212],"based":[26,108],"on":[27,109,215],"model":[31],"is":[32,65,154,183,198,213],"also":[33,199],"hard":[34],"to":[35,44,85,139,157,185,203],"achieve.":[36],"As":[37,176],"result,":[39],"overestimated":[41],"threshold":[42,143],"leads":[43],"degradation":[46],"in":[47,173],"probability.":[49],"To":[50],"this":[51,53],"end,":[52],"paper":[54],"proposes":[55],"SAR":[57,217],"ship":[58,88],"different":[60],"from":[61,94,219],"CFAR":[62],"detectors,":[63],"which":[64],"independent":[66],"traditional":[68],"distribution":[71],"models":[72],"probability":[75,90,170],"(PFA).":[80],"The":[81,207],"proposed":[82],"aims":[84],"raise":[86],"alleviate":[92],"interference":[93],"environments":[96],"such":[97],"as":[98,192,194],"multi-target":[99],"areas,":[100],"shores,":[101],"breakwaters.":[103],"It":[104,197],"estimates":[105],"clutter-truncated":[106,142],"thresholds":[107],"intensity":[111,125],"statistics":[112],"(CIS).":[113],"Firstly,":[114],"three":[115],"parameters,":[117],"including":[118],"mean,":[120],"standard":[121],"deviation,":[122],"maximum":[124],"background":[127],"contaminated":[129],"by":[130],"outliers,":[131],"calculated;":[133],"secondly,":[134],"these":[135],"parameters":[136],"utilized":[138],"estimate":[140],"using":[144],"novel":[146],"CIS;":[147],"finally,":[149],"pixel":[151],"under":[152],"test":[153],"determined":[155],"according":[156],"CIS":[159,166,181,211],"rule.":[161],"Compared":[162],"with":[163],"CFAR-based":[164],"algorithms,":[165],"obtains":[167],"high":[169],"environments.":[175],"for":[177],"other":[178],"aspects,":[179],"insensitive":[184],"structure":[187],"window,":[191],"well":[193],"size.":[196],"computationally":[200],"efficient":[201],"due":[202],"its":[204],"simple":[205],"calculations.":[206],"superiority":[208],"validated":[214],"scene-differed":[216],"images":[218],"DSSDD":[221],"dataset.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}