{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391403325","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16030539","title":"Spatial-Spectral BERT for Hyperspectral Image Classification","display_name":"Spatial-Spectral BERT for Hyperspectral Image Classification","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391403325","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16030539"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16030539","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16030539","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/3/539/pdf?version=1706688418","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/3/539/pdf?version=1706688418","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033322923","display_name":"Mahmood Ashraf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0105-3406"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahmood Ashraf","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0105-3406","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010601964","display_name":"Xichuan Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3304-3045"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xichuan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043777501","display_name":"Gemine Vivone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9542-0638"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115556","display_name":"National Research Council - Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis","ror":"https://ror.org/024ye7w89","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115556","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I900890020","display_name":"University of Palermo","ror":"https://ror.org/044k9ta02","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I900890020"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gemine Vivone","raw_affiliation_strings":["NBFC\u2014National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy","National Research Council, Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis (CNR-IMAA), 85050 Tito, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9542-0638","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NBFC\u2014National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I900890020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council, Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis (CNR-IMAA), 85050 Tito, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115556","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012214535","display_name":"Lihui Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0948-1600"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lihui Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048207713","display_name":"Rong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7065-9930"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111599522","display_name":"Jiangnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mkzax54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093832541","display_name":"Reza Seifi Majdard","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161716","display_name":"Islamic Azad University Ardabil","ror":"https://ror.org/058np3c43","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I4210161716"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reza Seifi Majdard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil 1477893855, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil 1477893855, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161716"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012214535"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"fwci":2.7269,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9061531,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"3","first_page":"539","last_page":"539"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.803335964679718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4943807125091553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4762808680534363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3466322422027588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34554535150527954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2584725618362427}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.803335964679718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4943807125091553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4762808680534363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3466322422027588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34554535150527954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2584725618362427}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16030539","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16030539","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/3/539/pdf?version=1706688418","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4c3457c2504542a7aade996d212ab6a1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4c3457c2504542a7aade996d212ab6a1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 3, p 539 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16030539","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16030539","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/3/539/pdf?version=1706688418","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1701467326","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2133211","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G27242074","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62301093","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G310319239","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GZC20233336","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3170350527","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023CDJXY","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3246514867","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62 001 063","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6891190611","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023M730425","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8067173641","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023CDJXY-037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8328190448","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023M730425","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8673984432","display_name":"\u9ad8\u5149\u8c31\u9065\u611f\u56fe\u50cf\u5f31\u76d1\u7763\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61971072","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8750635642","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023CDJXY-037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391403325.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1939429412","https://openalex.org/W1964541653","https://openalex.org/W1979730959","https://openalex.org/W2006175358","https://openalex.org/W2114819256","https://openalex.org/W2131864940","https://openalex.org/W2144205029","https://openalex.org/W2146952738","https://openalex.org/W2146987667","https://openalex.org/W2154240401","https://openalex.org/W2341545927","https://openalex.org/W2548791488","https://openalex.org/W2614256707","https://openalex.org/W2761818166","https://openalex.org/W2764276316","https://openalex.org/W2765739551","https://openalex.org/W2782517840","https://openalex.org/W2809635958","https://openalex.org/W2914331134","https://openalex.org/W2963366243","https://openalex.org/W2971432438","https://openalex.org/W2975700745","https://openalex.org/W3004925702","https://openalex.org/W3103753223","https://openalex.org/W3196510907","https://openalex.org/W4205663403","https://openalex.org/W4240485910","https://openalex.org/W4285187901","https://openalex.org/W4289824313","https://openalex.org/W4313172229","https://openalex.org/W4316021888","https://openalex.org/W4367031974","https://openalex.org/W4385800872","https://openalex.org/W4388469847","https://openalex.org/W6651784212","https://openalex.org/W6704443453","https://openalex.org/W6841924223","https://openalex.org/W6848352286","https://openalex.org/W6852148007"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2072166414","https://openalex.org/W3209970181","https://openalex.org/W2070598848","https://openalex.org/W2385371209","https://openalex.org/W4250051149","https://openalex.org/W2083270190","https://openalex.org/W1991437568","https://openalex.org/W2033914206","https://openalex.org/W2042327336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Several":[0],"deep":[1],"learning":[2],"and":[3,62,73,91,116,155,165],"transformer":[4],"models":[5],"have":[6],"been":[7],"recommended":[8],"in":[9,49,109],"previous":[10],"research":[11],"to":[12,41,111,134,160],"deal":[13],"with":[14,158],"the":[15,25,29,43,59,83,102,122,131,136,166],"classification":[16,153],"of":[17,24,99],"hyperspectral":[18],"images":[19],"(HSIs).":[20],"Among":[21],"them,":[22],"one":[23],"most":[26],"innovative":[27],"is":[28,79,126],"bidirectional":[30],"encoder":[31],"representation":[32],"from":[33],"transformers":[34],"(BERT),":[35],"which":[36,81],"applies":[37],"a":[38,50,69],"distance-independent":[39],"approach":[40],"capture":[42],"global":[44,90],"dependency":[45],"among":[46,114],"all":[47],"pixels":[48,115],"selected":[51],"region.":[52],"However,":[53],"this":[54,67,172],"model":[55,86,170],"does":[56],"not":[57],"consider":[58],"local":[60,92],"spatial-spectral":[61],"spectral":[63,96,117],"sequential":[64,95],"relations.":[65],"In":[66,101,120],"paper,":[68],"dual-dimensional":[70],"(i.e.,":[71],"spatial":[72],"spectral)":[74],"BERT":[75,85,106,169],"(the":[76],"so-called":[77],"D2BERT)":[78],"proposed,":[80],"improves":[82],"existing":[84],"by":[87],"capturing":[88],"more":[89],"dependencies":[93],"between":[94],"bands":[97],"regardless":[98],"distance.":[100],"proposed":[103,149],"model,":[104],"two":[105,140],"branches":[107],"work":[108],"parallel":[110],"investigate":[112],"relations":[113],"bands,":[118],"respectively.":[119],"addition,":[121],"layer":[123],"intermediate":[124],"information":[125],"used":[127,139],"for":[128,144,171],"supervision":[129],"during":[130],"training":[132],"phase":[133],"enhance":[135],"performance.":[137],"We":[138],"widely":[141],"employed":[142],"datasets":[143],"our":[145],"experimental":[146],"analysis.":[147],"The":[148],"D2BERT":[150],"shows":[151],"superior":[152],"accuracy":[154],"computational":[156],"efficiency":[157],"respect":[159],"some":[161],"state-of-the-art":[162],"neural":[163],"networks":[164],"previously":[167],"developed":[168],"task.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
