{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391361824","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16030531","title":"A New Determining Method for Ionospheric F2-Region Peak Electron Density Height","display_name":"A New Determining Method for Ionospheric F2-Region Peak Electron Density Height","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391361824","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16030531"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16030531","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16030531","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/3/531/pdf?version=1706617308","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/3/531/pdf?version=1706617308","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002847404","display_name":"Jian Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4361-8946"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qingdao Institute for Ocean Technology, Tianjin University, Qingdao 266200, China","School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center of Ocean Information Awareness and Transmission, Qingdao 266200, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qingdao Institute for Ocean Technology, Tianjin University, Qingdao 266200, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center of Ocean Information Awareness and Transmission, Qingdao 266200, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068846388","display_name":"Yu Qiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiao Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074624378","display_name":"Yafei Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2921-3558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yafei Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qingdao Institute for Ocean Technology, Tianjin University, Qingdao 266200, China","School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qingdao Institute for Ocean Technology, Tianjin University, Qingdao 266200, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039298839","display_name":"Cheng Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4173-6060"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qingdao Institute for Ocean Technology, Tianjin University, Qingdao 266200, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qingdao Institute for Ocean Technology, Tianjin University, Qingdao 266200, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045665281","display_name":"Shengyun Ji","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengyun Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qingdao Institute for Ocean Technology, Tianjin University, Qingdao 266200, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qingdao Institute for Ocean Technology, Tianjin University, Qingdao 266200, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006301424","display_name":"Yu Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6166-5733"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108688024","display_name":"Qingdao University","ror":"https://ror.org/021cj6z65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Information, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China","Qingdao Institute for Ocean Technology, Tianjin University, Qingdao 266200, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Information, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qingdao Institute for Ocean Technology, Tianjin University, Qingdao 266200, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074624378"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.3331,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78455118,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"3","first_page":"531","last_page":"531"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":0.9732999801635742,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10787","display_name":"Lightning and Electromagnetic Phenomena","score":0.9726999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionosphere","display_name":"Ionosphere","score":0.7288195490837097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron-density","display_name":"Electron density","score":0.522010862827301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-sciences","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","score":0.36143386363983154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-physics","display_name":"Computational physics","score":0.34697315096855164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron","display_name":"Electron","score":0.31366240978240967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.21875962615013123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2046777904033661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geophysics","display_name":"Geophysics","score":0.20192188024520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-physics","display_name":"Nuclear physics","score":0.0660296380519867}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116403925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162219","display_name":"Ionosphere","level":2,"score":0.7288195490837097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125485243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905186","display_name":"Electron density","level":3,"score":0.522010862827301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.36143386363983154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.34697315096855164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147120987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225","display_name":"Electron","level":2,"score":0.31366240978240967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.21875962615013123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2046777904033661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.20192188024520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.0660296380519867}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16030531","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16030531","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/3/531/pdf?version=1706617308","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ac8367b1d5e44cddb467c3244f100116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ac8367b1d5e44cddb467c3244f100116","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 3, p 531 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16030531","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16030531","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/3/531/pdf?version=1706617308","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391361824.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W755589151","https://openalex.org/W1612280208","https://openalex.org/W1967307176","https://openalex.org/W1973133231","https://openalex.org/W2019971658","https://openalex.org/W2046686041","https://openalex.org/W2340607872","https://openalex.org/W2377570269","https://openalex.org/W2533415606","https://openalex.org/W2594832367","https://openalex.org/W2802856222","https://openalex.org/W2944803671","https://openalex.org/W2975889282","https://openalex.org/W3044523765","https://openalex.org/W3073545591","https://openalex.org/W3121389488","https://openalex.org/W3199287286","https://openalex.org/W4213313607","https://openalex.org/W4229440152","https://openalex.org/W4253744049","https://openalex.org/W4285733926","https://openalex.org/W4297545588","https://openalex.org/W4366112304","https://openalex.org/W4367310602","https://openalex.org/W4386457629","https://openalex.org/W6636475967"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1627309885","https://openalex.org/W2047986394","https://openalex.org/W2925660996","https://openalex.org/W2365069382","https://openalex.org/W2055187449","https://openalex.org/W3084108370","https://openalex.org/W1575564828","https://openalex.org/W2622076290","https://openalex.org/W2149530698","https://openalex.org/W3207530573"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,122],"height":[1],"of":[2,65,87,115,139,162,192],"the":[3,27,41,46,69,85,111,116,126,137,140,145,160,163,179,184,190,193,213],"F2":[4,71],"peak":[5],"electron":[6],"density":[7],"(hmF2)":[8],"is":[9,34,79],"an":[10],"essential":[11],"parameter":[12],"in":[13,100],"studying":[14,212],"ionospheric":[15,70],"electrodynamics":[16],"and":[17,32,36,45,74,83,92,107,133,144,155,159,167,174,207],"high-frequency":[18],"wireless":[19],"communication.":[20],"Based":[21],"on":[22,40],"ionosphere":[23],"ray":[24],"propagation":[25,60],"theory,":[26],"physical":[28,43],"relationship":[29],"between":[30],"M3000F2":[31],"hmF2":[33,58,194,214],"derived":[35],"visualized.":[37],"Furthermore,":[38,95],"based":[39],"above":[42],"theory":[44],"machine":[47],"learning":[48],"method,":[49],"this":[50,105],"paper":[51],"proposes":[52],"a":[53,63],"new":[54,209],"model":[55,78,106,128,186],"for":[56,211],"determining":[57],"using":[59],"factor":[61],"at":[62],"distance":[64],"3000":[66],"km":[67],"from":[68],"layer,":[72],"time,":[73],"season.":[75],"This":[76,197],"proposed":[77,127],"easy":[80,93],"to":[81,103,203],"understand":[82],"has":[84,130],"characteristics":[86],"clear":[88],"principles,":[89],"simple":[90],"structure,":[91],"application.":[94],"we":[96],"used":[97],"six":[98],"stations":[99],"east":[101],"Asia":[102],"verify":[104],"compare":[108],"it":[109],"with":[110],"other":[112],"three":[113],"models":[114,147,169],"International":[117],"Reference":[118],"Ionosphere":[119],"(IRI)":[120],"model.":[121],"results":[123,181],"show":[124,182],"that":[125,183],"(PRO)":[129],"minor":[131],"error":[132],"higher":[134],"accuracy.":[135],"Specifically":[136],"RMSE":[138],"BSE,":[141,164],"AMTB,":[142,165],"SHU,":[143,166],"PRO":[146,168,185],"were":[148,170],"20.35":[149],"km,":[150,152,154,157],"31.51":[151],"13.59":[153],"5.68":[156],"respectively,":[158],"RRMSE":[161],"8.17%,":[171],"11.88%,":[172],"4.96%,":[173],"2.12%,":[175],"respectively.":[176],"In":[177],"addition,":[178],"experimental":[180],"can":[187,199],"better":[188],"predict":[189],"trend":[191],"inflection":[195],"point.":[196],"method":[198],"be":[200],"further":[201],"extended":[202],"add":[204],"data":[205],"sources":[206],"provide":[208],"ideas":[210],"over":[215],"global":[216],"regions.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}