{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391100139","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16020430","title":"The Impact of Profiles Data Assimilation on an Ideal Tropical Cyclone Case","display_name":"The Impact of Profiles Data Assimilation on an Ideal Tropical Cyclone Case","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391100139","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16020430"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16020430","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16020430","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/2/430/pdf?version=1705925629","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/2/430/pdf?version=1705925629","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023397323","display_name":"Changliang Shao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8918-7857"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127251866","display_name":"Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum f\u00fcr Polar- und Meeresforschung","ror":"https://ror.org/032e6b942","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127251866","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141301092","display_name":"China Meteorological Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/00bx3rb98","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]}],"countries":["CN","DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Changliang Shao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz-Zentrum f\u00fcr Polar-und Meeresforschung (AWI), 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany","China Meteorological Administrator Meteorological Observation Centre, Beijing 100081, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz-Zentrum f\u00fcr Polar-und Meeresforschung (AWI), 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127251866"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Meteorological Administrator Meteorological Observation Centre, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027945226","display_name":"Lars Nerger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1908-1010"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127251866","display_name":"Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum f\u00fcr Polar- und Meeresforschung","ror":"https://ror.org/032e6b942","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127251866","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lars Nerger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz-Zentrum f\u00fcr Polar-und Meeresforschung (AWI), 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz-Zentrum f\u00fcr Polar-und Meeresforschung (AWI), 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127251866"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023397323"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127251866","https://openalex.org/I141301092"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.48,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77332674,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"2","first_page":"430","last_page":"430"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11483","display_name":"Tropical and Extratropical Cyclones Research","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weather-research-and-forecasting-model","display_name":"Weather Research and Forecasting Model","score":0.8489972352981567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-assimilation","display_name":"Data assimilation","score":0.7666683197021484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6594192981719971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.6449635624885559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tropical-cyclone","display_name":"Tropical cyclone","score":0.61209636926651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/numerical-weather-prediction","display_name":"Numerical weather prediction","score":0.5679532289505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-kalman-filter","display_name":"Ensemble Kalman filter","score":0.4373045861721039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyclone","display_name":"Cyclone (programming language)","score":0.41721999645233154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.4063403606414795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.360178679227829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2731379270553589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.11261814832687378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1102595329284668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extended-kalman-filter","display_name":"Extended Kalman filter","score":0.09021860361099243}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133204551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838305","display_name":"Weather Research and Forecasting Model","level":2,"score":0.8489972352981567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24552861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2670177","display_name":"Data assimilation","level":2,"score":0.7666683197021484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6594192981719971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.6449635624885559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29141058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8092","display_name":"Tropical cyclone","level":2,"score":0.61209636926651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147947694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837552","display_name":"Numerical weather prediction","level":2,"score":0.5679532289505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79334102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072268","display_name":"Ensemble Kalman filter","level":4,"score":0.4373045861721039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777864850","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79598","display_name":"Cyclone (programming language)","level":3,"score":0.41721999645233154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.4063403606414795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.360178679227829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2731379270553589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.11261814832687378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1102595329284668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206833254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421817","display_name":"Extended Kalman filter","level":3,"score":0.09021860361099243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16020430","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16020430","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/2/430/pdf?version=1705925629","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:epic.awi.de:58364","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/58364/1/Shao_Nerger_RS16_430_2024.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400378","display_name":"Helmholtz-Zentrum f\u00fcr Polar-und Meeresforschung (Alfred-Wegener-Institut)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799732068","host_organization_name":"Royal Prince Alfred Hospital","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799732068"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"EPIC3REMOTE SENSING, MDPI, 16(2), pp. 430-430, ISSN: 2072-4292","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1ffc893acf7b422980cb27bd2caf651b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1ffc893acf7b422980cb27bd2caf651b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 2, p 430 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16020430","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16020430","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/2/430/pdf?version=1705925629","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.49000000953674316}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G302125414","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41705133","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G817267457","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202105330044","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391100139.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1993512681","https://openalex.org/W2016985871","https://openalex.org/W2056809692","https://openalex.org/W2058187269","https://openalex.org/W2066191853","https://openalex.org/W2102967934","https://openalex.org/W2137459427","https://openalex.org/W2137760344","https://openalex.org/W2137934870","https://openalex.org/W2160444846","https://openalex.org/W2166317254","https://openalex.org/W2404417437","https://openalex.org/W2562632764","https://openalex.org/W2781781579","https://openalex.org/W2949170842","https://openalex.org/W2951772479","https://openalex.org/W2953659136","https://openalex.org/W2981631563","https://openalex.org/W3027231406","https://openalex.org/W3087203646","https://openalex.org/W3103164715","https://openalex.org/W3127771883","https://openalex.org/W3198158532","https://openalex.org/W4210494271","https://openalex.org/W4281761381","https://openalex.org/W4300862692","https://openalex.org/W4310379469","https://openalex.org/W4362518938","https://openalex.org/W4376637075","https://openalex.org/W4379058228","https://openalex.org/W4379230236","https://openalex.org/W4381054083","https://openalex.org/W4388617887","https://openalex.org/W6730774433","https://openalex.org/W6800592260","https://openalex.org/W7001043941"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4315472244","https://openalex.org/W4287886605","https://openalex.org/W2099676329","https://openalex.org/W2739937788","https://openalex.org/W2003109164","https://openalex.org/W1978360812","https://openalex.org/W4224248788","https://openalex.org/W4322208703","https://openalex.org/W4401289502","https://openalex.org/W4388817749"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Profile":[0],"measurements":[1,33],"play":[2],"a":[3,23],"crucial":[4],"role":[5],"in":[6],"operational":[7],"weather":[8,36,41],"forecasting":[9,44],"across":[10],"diverse":[11],"scales":[12],"and":[13,19,43,66,96,119,135,145,160],"latitudes.":[14],"However,":[15],"assimilating":[16],"tropospheric":[17],"wind":[18,67],"temperature":[20,65],"profiles":[21,68],"remains":[22],"challenging":[24],"endeavor.":[25],"This":[26,151],"study":[27],"assesses":[28],"the":[29,40,49,57,88,125,139,157],"influence":[30],"of":[31],"profile":[32,94],"on":[34],"numerical":[35],"prediction":[37],"(NWP)":[38],"using":[39],"research":[42],"(WRF)":[45],"model":[46],"coupled":[47,80],"to":[48,85,110,131,156],"parallel":[50],"data":[51],"assimilation":[52],"framework":[53],"(PDAF)":[54],"system.":[55],"Utilizing":[56],"local":[58],"error-subspace":[59],"transform":[60],"Kalman":[61],"filter":[62],"(LESTKF),":[63],"observational":[64],"generated":[69],"by":[70],"WRF":[71],"are":[72,147],"assimilated":[73],"into":[74],"an":[75],"idealized":[76,126],"tropical":[77,127],"cyclone.":[78],"The":[79,99],"WRF-PDAF":[81],"system":[82],"is":[83,121],"adopted":[84],"carry":[86],"out":[87],"twin":[89],"experiments,":[90],"which":[91],"employ":[92],"varying":[93],"densities":[95,142],"localization":[97],"distances.":[98],"results":[100],"reveal":[101],"that":[102],"high-resolution":[103],"observations":[104],"yield":[105],"significant":[106],"forecast":[107],"improvements":[108],"compared":[109],"coarser-resolution":[111],"data.":[112],"A":[113],"cost-effective":[114],"balance":[115],"between":[116],"observation":[117,141],"density":[118],"benefit":[120],"further":[122],"explored":[123],"through":[124],"cyclone":[128],"case.":[129],"According":[130],"diminishing":[132],"marginal":[133,137],"utility":[134],"increasing":[136],"costs,":[138],"optimal":[140],"for":[143],"U":[144],"V":[146],"found":[148],"around":[149],"26\u201327%.":[150],"may":[152],"be":[153],"useful":[154],"information":[155],"meteorological":[158],"agencies":[159],"researchers.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}