{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390949047","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16020369","title":"X- and Ku-Band SAR Backscattering Signatures of Snow-Covered Lake Ice and Sea Ice","display_name":"X- and Ku-Band SAR Backscattering Signatures of Snow-Covered Lake Ice and Sea Ice","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390949047","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16020369"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16020369","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16020369","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/2/369/pdf?version=1705424193","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/2/369/pdf?version=1705424193","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028726844","display_name":"Katriina Veijola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1316-5109"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285790362","display_name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05hppb561","country_code":"FI","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1284112523","https://openalex.org/I1285790362"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Katriina Veijola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1316-5109","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285790362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058217833","display_name":"Juval Cohen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6396-1536"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285790362","display_name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05hppb561","country_code":"FI","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1284112523","https://openalex.org/I1285790362"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juval Cohen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285790362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069744032","display_name":"Marko M\u00e4kynen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1250-6300"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285790362","display_name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05hppb561","country_code":"FI","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1284112523","https://openalex.org/I1285790362"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marko M\u00e4kynen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1250-6300","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285790362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081338321","display_name":"Juha Lemmetyinen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4434-9696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285790362","display_name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05hppb561","country_code":"FI","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1284112523","https://openalex.org/I1285790362"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juha Lemmetyinen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285790362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069103777","display_name":"Jaan Praks","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7466-3569"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaan Praks","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15500, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7466-3569","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15500, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049392282","display_name":"Bin Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-8412"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285790362","display_name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05hppb561","country_code":"FI","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1284112523","https://openalex.org/I1285790362"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-8412","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285790362"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028726844"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285790362"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"fwci":0.2284,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.39397732,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"2","first_page":"369","last_page":"369"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11333","display_name":"Climate change and permafrost","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snow","display_name":"Snow","score":0.8041568994522095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-ice","display_name":"Sea ice","score":0.7495458126068115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.6819547414779663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-ice-thickness","display_name":"Sea ice thickness","score":0.535519003868103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/buoy","display_name":"Buoy","score":0.5137487649917603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.4841064214706421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ku-band","display_name":"Ku band","score":0.4741877019405365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4597921371459961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arctic-ice-pack","display_name":"Arctic ice pack","score":0.41940200328826904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.3638444244861603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geomorphology","display_name":"Geomorphology","score":0.16548389196395874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.05844944715499878}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197046000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7561","display_name":"Snow","level":2,"score":0.8041568994522095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136894858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213926","display_name":"Sea ice","level":2,"score":0.7495458126068115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.6819547414779663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149767477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7440066","display_name":"Sea ice thickness","level":4,"score":0.535519003868103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779847632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30026","display_name":"Buoy","level":2,"score":0.5137487649917603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.4841064214706421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779383134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q306639","display_name":"Ku band","level":2,"score":0.4741877019405365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4597921371459961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161798024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3651008","display_name":"Arctic ice pack","level":3,"score":0.41940200328826904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.3638444244861603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.16548389196395874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.05844944715499878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16020369","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16020369","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/2/369/pdf?version=1705424193","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/126684","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/304ba8a2-8fe6-4988-9a60-ede9f8cc4d15","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401662","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"A1 Alkuper\u00e4isartikkeli tieteellisess\u00e4 aikakauslehdess\u00e4"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8acda113c2cf450e9f44e28e8a79af94","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8acda113c2cf450e9f44e28e8a79af94","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 2, p 369 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16020369","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16020369","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/2/369/pdf?version=1705424193","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.8700000047683716,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390949047.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28136723","https://openalex.org/W121095568","https://openalex.org/W569852707","https://openalex.org/W1482393903","https://openalex.org/W1543965954","https://openalex.org/W1567250096","https://openalex.org/W1668662306","https://openalex.org/W1758151958","https://openalex.org/W2004554085","https://openalex.org/W2009927232","https://openalex.org/W2014244352","https://openalex.org/W2015309169","https://openalex.org/W2034271642","https://openalex.org/W2037460024","https://openalex.org/W2040643865","https://openalex.org/W2063231136","https://openalex.org/W2063907500","https://openalex.org/W2075818309","https://openalex.org/W2083026115","https://openalex.org/W2083437800","https://openalex.org/W2084496437","https://openalex.org/W2097781128","https://openalex.org/W2098136734","https://openalex.org/W2098782794","https://openalex.org/W2100726154","https://openalex.org/W2107281965","https://openalex.org/W2116918466","https://openalex.org/W2122442364","https://openalex.org/W2125948014","https://openalex.org/W2130115339","https://openalex.org/W2150065105","https://openalex.org/W2223430424","https://openalex.org/W2401911195","https://openalex.org/W2490565512","https://openalex.org/W2513579503","https://openalex.org/W2529988386","https://openalex.org/W2543627793","https://openalex.org/W2552933547","https://openalex.org/W2604581425","https://openalex.org/W2739839025","https://openalex.org/W2742121209","https://openalex.org/W2762891986","https://openalex.org/W2791622702","https://openalex.org/W2793648181","https://openalex.org/W2795251896","https://openalex.org/W2798180407","https://openalex.org/W2804794191","https://openalex.org/W2809395391","https://openalex.org/W2913584179","https://openalex.org/W3012253529","https://openalex.org/W3013453374","https://openalex.org/W3040545559","https://openalex.org/W3042580730","https://openalex.org/W3121876319","https://openalex.org/W3157162282","https://openalex.org/W3191282825","https://openalex.org/W4249666408","https://openalex.org/W4289912339","https://openalex.org/W4292543309","https://openalex.org/W4294233741","https://openalex.org/W4366578439"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W827104527","https://openalex.org/W3151917547","https://openalex.org/W2245507316","https://openalex.org/W2584433234","https://openalex.org/W1981028522","https://openalex.org/W748540454","https://openalex.org/W4240873802","https://openalex.org/W206690607","https://openalex.org/W2910173302","https://openalex.org/W4380079666"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,69],"this":[1],"work,":[2],"backscattering":[3,101,147,168,239],"signatures":[4,102,148],"of":[5,50,52,73,92,115,119,121,145,223],"snow-covered":[6],"lake":[7,107,156,161,227],"ice":[8,11,46,65,77,230],"and":[9,14,43,64,76,103,108,126,130,157,171,200,228,237],"sea":[10,109,136,158,184,229],"from":[12,195],"X-":[13,125,236],"Ku-band":[15,127,173,197,202,238],"synthetic":[16],"aperture":[17],"radar":[18],"(SAR)":[19],"data":[20,25,66,81],"are":[21],"investigated.":[22],"The":[23,89],"SAR":[24,100,132],"were":[26,67,82,208],"acquired":[27,83],"with":[28,57,111],"the":[29,48,53,58,112,117,141,172,176,180,186,190,196,201,205,216],"ESA":[30],"airborne":[31],"SnowSAR":[32,59],"sensor":[33],"in":[34,40,47,61,87],"winter":[35],"2012":[36],"over":[37,44,106,133,154,226],"Lake":[38,85],"Oraj\u00e4rvi":[39,86],"northern":[41],"Finland":[42],"landfast":[45],"Bay":[49],"Bothnia":[51],"Baltic":[54],"Sea.":[55],"Co-incident":[56],"acquisitions,":[60],"situ":[62],"snow":[63,104,122,146,181,191,218,224],"measured.":[68],"addition,":[70],"time":[71],"series":[72],"TerraSAR-X":[74],"images":[75],"mass":[78],"balance":[79],"buoy":[80],"for":[84,215],"2011\u20132012.":[88],"main":[90],"objective":[91,114],"our":[93],"study":[94,139],"was":[95,193],"to":[96,179,189],"investigate":[97],"relationships":[98],"between":[99],"depth":[105,192,225],"ice,":[110,162,185],"ultimate":[113],"assessing":[116],"feasibility":[118],"retrieval":[120],"characteristics":[123],"using":[124,234],"dual-polarization":[128],"(VV":[129],"VH)":[131],"freshwater":[134],"or":[135],"ice.":[137,159],"This":[138],"constitutes":[140],"first":[142],"comprehensive":[143],"survey":[144],"at":[149,213],"these":[150],"two":[151],"combined":[152],"frequencies":[153],"both":[155],"For":[160,183],"we":[163],"show":[164],"that":[165,212],"X-band":[166],"VH-polarized":[167],"coefficient":[169],"(\u03c3o)":[170],"VV/VH-ratio":[174],"exhibited":[175],"highest":[177,187],"sensitivity":[178,188],"depth.":[182],"found":[194],"VV-polarized":[198],"\u03c3o":[199],"VV/VH-ratio.":[203],"However,":[204],"observed":[206],"relations":[207],"relatively":[209],"weak,":[210],"indicating":[211],"least":[214],"prevailing":[217],"conditions,":[219],"obtaining":[220],"reliable":[221],"estimates":[222],"would":[231],"be":[232],"challenging":[233],"only":[235],"information.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
