{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390878893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16020340","title":"Ship Target Detection in Optical Remote Sensing Images Based on E2YOLOX-VFL","display_name":"Ship Target Detection in Optical Remote Sensing Images Based on E2YOLOX-VFL","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390878893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16020340"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16020340","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16020340","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/2/340/pdf?version=1705312542","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/2/340/pdf?version=1705312542","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054675701","display_name":"Zhao Qichang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1535-5993"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088244","display_name":"Shanghai Micro Satellite Engineering Center","ror":"https://ror.org/003cp7918","country_code":"CN","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088244"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qichang Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Satellite General Department, Shanghai Institute of Satellite Engineering, Shanghai 201109, China","School of Electronic Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1535-5993","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Satellite General Department, Shanghai Institute of Satellite Engineering, Shanghai 201109, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088244"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101615578","display_name":"Yiquan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3556-0898"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yiquan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101971645","display_name":"Yubin Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4604-7942"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yubin Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101615578"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"fwci":2.9062,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9210304,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"2","first_page":"340","last_page":"340"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9815999865531921,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7681800127029419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.5466873645782471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5260933637619019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backbone-network","display_name":"Backbone network","score":0.4957676827907562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.46870774030685425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.4295247197151184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.4245995581150055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.4124208390712738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.38517680764198303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3735356628894806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.33439797163009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3336115777492523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.308641254901886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.18220660090446472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07762324810028076}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7681800127029419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5466873645782471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5260933637619019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88796919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142907","display_name":"Backbone network","level":2,"score":0.4957676827907562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.46870774030685425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4295247197151184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.4245995581150055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.4124208390712738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.38517680764198303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3735356628894806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.33439797163009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3336115777492523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.308641254901886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.18220660090446472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07762324810028076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16020340","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16020340","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/2/340/pdf?version=1705312542","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6fa56697849247d0850e8febc0228dc9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6fa56697849247d0850e8febc0228dc9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 2, p 340 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16020340","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16020340","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/2/340/pdf?version=1705312542","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2744459430","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61573183","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5325335720","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"D010201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390878893.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1998489088","https://openalex.org/W2003059629","https://openalex.org/W2056522964","https://openalex.org/W2061200049","https://openalex.org/W2074138018","https://openalex.org/W2100503224","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2442495293","https://openalex.org/W2461048438","https://openalex.org/W2504335775","https://openalex.org/W2531042419","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2594177559","https://openalex.org/W2625829240","https://openalex.org/W2733535455","https://openalex.org/W2743706233","https://openalex.org/W2788202095","https://openalex.org/W2790688320","https://openalex.org/W2793706358","https://openalex.org/W2799556497","https://openalex.org/W2808374747","https://openalex.org/W2884419823","https://openalex.org/W2947109354","https://openalex.org/W2949938245","https://openalex.org/W2954322556","https://openalex.org/W2962766617","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963769056","https://openalex.org/W2964241181","https://openalex.org/W2968090415","https://openalex.org/W2987200931","https://openalex.org/W2997747012","https://openalex.org/W3034552520","https://openalex.org/W3036855751","https://openalex.org/W3093308587","https://openalex.org/W3099008583","https://openalex.org/W3122173535","https://openalex.org/W3172087149","https://openalex.org/W3210586215","https://openalex.org/W4206351484","https://openalex.org/W4249226784","https://openalex.org/W4312653173","https://openalex.org/W4324118443","https://openalex.org/W4386025722","https://openalex.org/W6784930107","https://openalex.org/W6847734366","https://openalex.org/W6856095300"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2348909947","https://openalex.org/W4292672442","https://openalex.org/W2362101859","https://openalex.org/W2791431590","https://openalex.org/W2941610985","https://openalex.org/W4235810826","https://openalex.org/W3000105423","https://openalex.org/W2350688482","https://openalex.org/W2122135111","https://openalex.org/W2053575972"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"research,":[2],"E2YOLOX-VFL":[3,217,255],"is":[4,34,49,162,167,219,243],"proposed":[5],"as":[6,36,70,92],"a":[7,93,226],"novel":[8],"approach":[9],"to":[10,56,61,201,232],"address":[11],"the":[12,29,37,44,52,58,86,96,103,110,115,120,127,136,151,155,158,175,187,192,203,210,216,222,233,238,247,251,254],"challenges":[13],"of":[14,66,131,139,154,170,191,205,212,253],"optical":[15],"image":[16],"multi-scale":[17],"ship":[18,41,77],"detection":[19,78,189,207,239],"and":[20,25,73,112,119,129,149,177,183,246],"recognition":[21],"in":[22,80,143,145,229],"complex":[23,81],"maritime":[24],"land":[26],"backgrounds.":[27,82],"Firstly,":[28],"typical":[30],"anchor-free":[31],"network":[32,39,55],"YOLOX":[33,53,235],"utilized":[35],"baseline":[38,234],"for":[40,95],"detection.":[42],"Secondly,":[43],"Efficient":[45,87],"Channel":[46],"Attention":[47],"module":[48],"incorporated":[50],"into":[51,125],"Backbone":[54],"enhance":[57],"model\u2019s":[59],"capability":[60],"extract":[62],"information":[63],"from":[64],"objects":[65],"different":[67],"scales,":[68],"such":[69],"large,":[71],"medium,":[72],"small,":[74],"thus":[75],"improving":[76],"performance":[79,153,190,240],"Thirdly,":[83],"we":[84,195],"propose":[85,196],"Force-IoU":[88],"(EFIoU)":[89],"Loss":[90,107,166],"function":[91,161],"replacement":[94],"Intersection":[97],"over":[98],"Union":[99],"(IoU)":[100],"Loss,":[101,172],"addressing":[102],"issue":[104],"whereby":[105],"IoU":[106],"only":[108],"considers":[109,135],"intersection":[111],"union":[113],"between":[114],"ground":[116],"truth":[117],"boxes":[118],"predicted":[121],"boxes,":[122],"without":[123],"taking":[124],"account":[126],"size":[128],"position":[130],"targets.":[132,214],"This":[133],"also":[134,244],"disadvantageous":[137],"effects":[138],"low-quality":[140],"samples,":[141,182],"resulting":[142],"inaccuracies":[144],"measuring":[146],"target":[147],"similarity,":[148],"improves":[150],"regression":[152],"algorithm.":[156,236,256],"Fourthly,":[157],"confidence":[159],"loss":[160],"improved.":[163],"Specifically,":[164],"Varifocal":[165],"employed":[168],"instead":[169],"CE":[171],"effectively":[173],"handling":[174],"positive":[176],"negative":[178],"sample":[179],"imbalance,":[180,185],"challenging":[181],"class":[184],"enhancing":[186],"overall":[188],"model.":[193],"Then,":[194],"Balanced":[197],"Gaussian":[198],"NMS":[199],"(BG-NMS)":[200],"solve":[202],"problem":[204],"missed":[206],"caused":[208],"by":[209],"occlusion":[211],"dense":[213],"Finally,":[215],"algorithm":[218],"tested":[220],"on":[221],"HRSC2016":[223],"dataset,":[224],"achieving":[225],"9.28%":[227],"improvement":[228],"mAP":[230],"compared":[231],"Moreover,":[237],"using":[241],"BG-NMS":[242],"analyzed,":[245],"experimental":[248],"results":[249],"validate":[250],"effectiveness":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-08-03T07:22:36.454288","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}