{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390395337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16010149","title":"A Survey of Object Detection for UAVs Based on Deep Learning","display_name":"A Survey of Object Detection for UAVs Based on Deep Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390395337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16010149"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16010149","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16010149","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/1/149/pdf?version=1703842366","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/1/149/pdf?version=1703842366","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077825171","display_name":"Guangyi Tang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangyi Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Hohai University, Changzhou 213200, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Hohai University, Changzhou 213200, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024603369","display_name":"Jianjun Ni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7130-8331"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jianjun Ni","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Hohai University, Changzhou 213200, China","College of Information Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou 213200, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Hohai University, Changzhou 213200, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou 213200, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076446867","display_name":"Yonghao Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6810-8675"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonghao Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Hohai University, Changzhou 213200, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Hohai University, Changzhou 213200, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101732156","display_name":"Yang Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6698-479X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Hohai University, Changzhou 213200, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Hohai University, Changzhou 213200, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046477283","display_name":"Weidong Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0394-9639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weidong Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Hohai University, Changzhou 213200, China","College of Information Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou 213200, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Hohai University, Changzhou 213200, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou 213200, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024603369"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":17.6765,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":149,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99564191,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"1","first_page":"149","last_page":"149"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.7746944427490234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.7604062557220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7548990845680237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.708403468132019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.5291659832000732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5214540362358093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.44905757904052734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4135497808456421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.398271381855011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.17177096009254456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1099458634853363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.08682769536972046}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7746944427490234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.7604062557220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7548990845680237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.708403468132019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.5291659832000732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5214540362358093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.44905757904052734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4135497808456421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.398271381855011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.17177096009254456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1099458634853363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.08682769536972046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16010149","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16010149","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/1/149/pdf?version=1703842366","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:620b756246bf4bc194e6caccc4420554","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/620b756246bf4bc194e6caccc4420554","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 1, p 149 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16010149","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16010149","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/1/149/pdf?version=1703842366","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.5600000023841858}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1644470568","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61873086","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390395337.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":119,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1594676769","https://openalex.org/W1999621311","https://openalex.org/W2005368619","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2109255472","https://openalex.org/W2150489380","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2176924101","https://openalex.org/W2302255633","https://openalex.org/W2314029052","https://openalex.org/W2518876086","https://openalex.org/W2519586580","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2601564443","https://openalex.org/W2606788270","https://openalex.org/W2612465689","https://openalex.org/W2625286981","https://openalex.org/W2788202095","https://openalex.org/W2792734461","https://openalex.org/W2800388963","https://openalex.org/W2904086561","https://openalex.org/W2924873663","https://openalex.org/W2957927798","https://openalex.org/W2962749812","https://openalex.org/W2962772649","https://openalex.org/W2962777203","https://openalex.org/W2962921175","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963992613","https://openalex.org/W2964356608","https://openalex.org/W2964584796","https://openalex.org/W2964979676","https://openalex.org/W2982770724","https://openalex.org/W2989611864","https://openalex.org/W2991359031","https://openalex.org/W2991363140","https://openalex.org/W3006383536","https://openalex.org/W3009447447","https://openalex.org/W3016478929","https://openalex.org/W3016641475","https://openalex.org/W3034971973","https://openalex.org/W3037670729","https://openalex.org/W3046027728","https://openalex.org/W3047386722","https://openalex.org/W3047443805","https://openalex.org/W3088936284","https://openalex.org/W3090145263","https://openalex.org/W3090280491","https://openalex.org/W3093105758","https://openalex.org/W3093159043","https://openalex.org/W3093220398","https://openalex.org/W3099008583","https://openalex.org/W3103695279","https://openalex.org/W3107993365","https://openalex.org/W3122774149","https://openalex.org/W3123352549","https://openalex.org/W3135711914","https://openalex.org/W3137966978","https://openalex.org/W3143603362","https://openalex.org/W3156315514","https://openalex.org/W3157095620","https://openalex.org/W3162723853","https://openalex.org/W3164031824","https://openalex.org/W3165277223","https://openalex.org/W3168844623","https://openalex.org/W3191932968","https://openalex.org/W3209499093","https://openalex.org/W3209691226","https://openalex.org/W3210997334","https://openalex.org/W4200365363","https://openalex.org/W4210628166","https://openalex.org/W4223900911","https://openalex.org/W4241021229","https://openalex.org/W4280563474","https://openalex.org/W4280610169","https://openalex.org/W4283714674","https://openalex.org/W4285060610","https://openalex.org/W4289792659","https://openalex.org/W4292184394","https://openalex.org/W4292428556","https://openalex.org/W4292874279","https://openalex.org/W4293483136","https://openalex.org/W4294168864","https://openalex.org/W4294310853","https://openalex.org/W4303627880","https://openalex.org/W4306399583","https://openalex.org/W4306399631","https://openalex.org/W4307704630","https://openalex.org/W4310119538","https://openalex.org/W4310760146","https://openalex.org/W4312247113","https://openalex.org/W4313564308","https://openalex.org/W4316673370","https://openalex.org/W4319979460","https://openalex.org/W4320713382","https://openalex.org/W4323566612","https://openalex.org/W4328007154","https://openalex.org/W4361274151","https://openalex.org/W4361761993","https://openalex.org/W4364302311","https://openalex.org/W4366980266","https://openalex.org/W4367459243","https://openalex.org/W4378222290","https://openalex.org/W4382562428","https://openalex.org/W4384257587","https://openalex.org/W4384519088","https://openalex.org/W4385538631","https://openalex.org/W4385874936","https://openalex.org/W4386838075","https://openalex.org/W4390011931","https://openalex.org/W6683411478","https://openalex.org/W6794430949","https://openalex.org/W6810227896","https://openalex.org/W6842799329","https://openalex.org/W6846993608","https://openalex.org/W6851359241"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W2611989081","https://openalex.org/W2140798747","https://openalex.org/W2948169060","https://openalex.org/W4230611425","https://openalex.org/W2949096641","https://openalex.org/W2970686063","https://openalex.org/W3034745255","https://openalex.org/W4254103348","https://openalex.org/W4292830139"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,76,103,109,119,164],"rapid":[2],"development":[3,104],"of":[4,28,78,89,102,105,166],"object":[5,58,81,95,113,124,131,133,138,168],"detection":[6,114,125,134,169],"technology":[7],"for":[8,56,115,154],"unmanned":[9],"aerial":[10,21],"vehicles":[11],"(UAVs),":[12],"it":[13],"is":[14,63],"convenient":[15],"to":[16],"collect":[17],"data":[18],"from":[19],"UAV":[20,57,80,94,123,167],"photographs.":[22],"They":[23],"have":[24,53],"a":[25,64,87],"wide":[26],"range":[27],"applications":[29],"in":[30,67,75,112,122,163],"several":[31],"fields,":[32],"such":[33,128],"as":[34,129],"monitoring,":[35],"geological":[36],"exploration,":[37],"precision":[38],"agriculture,":[39],"and":[40,60,107,142],"disaster":[41],"early":[42],"warning.":[43],"In":[44,117],"recent":[45,90],"years,":[46],"many":[47],"methods":[48,111],"based":[49,150],"on":[50,92,151],"artificial":[51],"intelligence":[52],"been":[54,73],"proposed":[55],"detection,":[59,132],"deep":[61,152],"learning":[62,153],"key":[65,120],"area":[66,77],"this":[68,84],"field.":[69],"Significant":[70],"progress":[71],"has":[72],"achieved":[74],"deep-learning-based":[79,93,110],"detection.":[82,96],"Thus,":[83],"paper":[85],"presents":[86],"review":[88],"research":[91,161],"This":[97],"survey":[98],"provides":[99],"an":[100],"overview":[101],"UAVs":[106],"summarizes":[108],"UAVs.":[116],"addition,":[118],"issues":[121,156],"are":[126,157,170],"analyzed,":[127],"small":[130],"under":[135],"complex":[136],"backgrounds,":[137],"rotation,":[139],"scale":[140],"change,":[141],"category":[143],"imbalance":[144],"problems.":[145],"Then,":[146],"some":[147],"representative":[148],"solutions":[149],"these":[155],"summarized.":[158],"Finally,":[159],"future":[160],"directions":[162],"field":[165],"discussed.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":91},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":22}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
