{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390269138","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16010108","title":"Radar Emitter Signal Intra-Pulse Modulation Open Set Recognition Based on Deep Neural Network","display_name":"Radar Emitter Signal Intra-Pulse Modulation Open Set Recognition Based on Deep Neural Network","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390269138","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16010108"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16010108","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16010108","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/1/108/pdf?version=1703649429","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/1/108/pdf?version=1703649429","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071297693","display_name":"Shibo Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7862-919X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shibo Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100432644","display_name":"Peng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8838-5715"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034076483","display_name":"Bin Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2755-6706"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100432644"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.0876,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89920641,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"1","first_page":"108","last_page":"108"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9771999716758728,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9648000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7413758635520935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6605578064918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5310564041137695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5078163743019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5033521056175232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4874275028705597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.478549063205719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4564201831817627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-repetition-frequency","display_name":"Pulse repetition frequency","score":0.45374637842178345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.4392624497413635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.43189537525177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.18704667687416077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.10154131054878235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09467893838882446}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7413758635520935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6605578064918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5310564041137695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5078163743019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5033521056175232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4874275028705597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.478549063205719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4564201831817627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182862853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575887","display_name":"Pulse repetition frequency","level":3,"score":0.45374637842178345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.4392624497413635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.43189537525177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.18704667687416077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.10154131054878235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09467893838882446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16010108","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16010108","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/1/108/pdf?version=1703649429","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:968b0f1e3f74427dbfa1c512362fffba","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/968b0f1e3f74427dbfa1c512362fffba","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 1, p 108 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16010108","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16010108","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/1/108/pdf?version=1703649429","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390269138.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1665214252","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2140147143","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2886334544","https://openalex.org/W2890045392","https://openalex.org/W2944944953","https://openalex.org/W2946948417","https://openalex.org/W2963149653","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W3015788359","https://openalex.org/W3090384423","https://openalex.org/W3095341217","https://openalex.org/W3148401945","https://openalex.org/W3185900221","https://openalex.org/W3190182606","https://openalex.org/W3217470494","https://openalex.org/W4224929134","https://openalex.org/W4311970758","https://openalex.org/W4319586252","https://openalex.org/W4379260068","https://openalex.org/W4387885782","https://openalex.org/W4387909089"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4390516098","https://openalex.org/W1533252844","https://openalex.org/W2181948922","https://openalex.org/W2384362569","https://openalex.org/W4205302943","https://openalex.org/W2119949815","https://openalex.org/W2561132942","https://openalex.org/W1182702830","https://openalex.org/W3116301466","https://openalex.org/W2565670704"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Radar":[0],"emitter":[1,29,77,210],"signal":[2,78,211],"intra-pulse":[3,23,79,212],"modulation":[4,80,96,213],"recognition":[5,48,104,133],"is":[6],"important":[7],"for":[8,75],"modern":[9],"electronic":[10],"reconnaissance":[11],"systems":[12],"to":[13,64,160,166,176],"analyze":[14],"target":[15],"radar":[16,28,76,209],"systems.":[17],"In":[18,62],"the":[19,22,26,34,38,42,46,59,89,94,112,117,128,146,149,153,158,161,167,173,177,183,202],"actual":[20],"environment,":[21],"modulations":[24,91],"of":[25,148],"sampled":[27],"signals":[30],"contain":[31],"not":[32],"only":[33],"known":[35,90,141,170,180],"types":[36],"in":[37,68],"library":[39],"but":[40],"also":[41],"unknown":[43,60,95,184],"types.":[44],"Therefore,":[45],"existing":[47],"methods,":[49],"which":[50],"are":[51],"based":[52],"on":[53,107,208],"a":[54,73,108,125,139],"closed":[55,109],"set,":[56,110],"cannot":[57],"recognize":[58],"samples.":[61],"order":[63],"solve":[65],"this":[66,69],"problem,":[67],"paper,":[70],"we":[71],"proposed":[72,85,203],"method":[74,86,204],"open":[81,214],"set":[82,215],"recognition.":[83,216],"The":[84,197],"could":[87],"classify":[88],"and":[92,115,151],"identify":[93],"by":[97,120,156],"using":[98],"an":[99,121],"original":[100,129],"deep":[101,130],"neural":[102,131],"network-based":[103,132],"model":[105,134,164],"trained":[106],"estimating":[111,145],"signal-to-noise":[113],"ratio,":[114],"calculating":[116,152],"reconstruction":[118,154],"loss":[119,155],"encoder\u2013decoder":[122,163],"model.":[123],"For":[124],"given":[126],"sample,":[127],"will":[135,186],"label":[136],"it":[137],"as":[138],"certain":[140],"class":[142,181,185],"temporarily.":[143],"By":[144],"SNR":[147],"sample":[150,159,174],"inputting":[157],"corresponding":[162],"related":[165],"temporary":[168,179],"predicted":[169,178],"class,":[171],"whether":[172],"belongs":[175],"or":[182],"be":[187],"confirmed.":[188],"Experiments":[189],"were":[190],"conducted":[191],"with":[192],"five":[193],"different":[194],"openness":[195],"conditions.":[196],"experimental":[198],"results":[199],"indicate":[200],"that":[201],"has":[205],"good":[206],"performance":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}