{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389337071","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15245634","title":"Comparison of Supervised Learning and Changepoint Detection for Insect Detection in Lidar Data","display_name":"Comparison of Supervised Learning and Changepoint Detection for Insect Detection in Lidar Data","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389337071","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15245634"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15245634","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15245634","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/24/5634/pdf?version=1701779846","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/24/5634/pdf?version=1701779846","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081584339","display_name":"Trevor Vannoy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4034-9963"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23732399","display_name":"Montana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w0trx84","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23732399","https://openalex.org/I4210126032"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Trevor C. Vannoy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23732399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113063055","display_name":"Nathaniel Sweeney","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23732399","display_name":"Montana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w0trx84","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23732399","https://openalex.org/I4210126032"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathaniel B. Sweeney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23732399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070495574","display_name":"Joseph A. Shaw","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1056-1269"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23732399","display_name":"Montana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w0trx84","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23732399","https://openalex.org/I4210126032"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph A. Shaw","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA","Optical Technology Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23732399"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Optical Technology Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23732399"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036575861","display_name":"Bradley M. Whitaker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8884-9743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23732399","display_name":"Montana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w0trx84","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23732399","https://openalex.org/I4210126032"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bradley M. Whitaker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA","Optical Technology Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23732399"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Optical Technology Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23732399"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036575861"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23732399"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.0669,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88861061,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"24","first_page":"5634","last_page":"5634"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10895","display_name":"Species Distribution and Climate Change","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2302","display_name":"Ecological Modeling"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10895","display_name":"Species Distribution and Climate Change","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2302","display_name":"Ecological Modeling"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11691","display_name":"Forest Insect Ecology and Management","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11750","display_name":"Phytoplasmas and Hemiptera pathogens","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6479896903038025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.5801286101341248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5243709087371826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4727519452571869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.4474336504936218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.42233943939208984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.24209484457969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.071205735206604}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6479896903038025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.5801286101341248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5243709087371826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4727519452571869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.4474336504936218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.42233943939208984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.24209484457969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.071205735206604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15245634","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15245634","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/24/5634/pdf?version=1701779846","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.montana.edu:1/18327","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/18327","pdf_url":"https://scholarworks.montana.edu/bitstreams/02606af9-7d89-4874-9c79-5605c09b95e9/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402563","display_name":"Montana State University ScholarWorks (Montana State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I23732399","host_organization_name":"Montana State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23732399"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:60be8f108c9f44d58db09d03cabc9a09","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/60be8f108c9f44d58db09d03cabc9a09","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 24, p 5634 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15245634","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15245634","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/24/5634/pdf?version=1701779846","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7799999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G819653576","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8650-21-1-1176","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","funder_display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311310","display_name":"Montana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w0trx84"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389337071.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W103347066","https://openalex.org/W1965895350","https://openalex.org/W1966994480","https://openalex.org/W1973554321","https://openalex.org/W1992941941","https://openalex.org/W1996545727","https://openalex.org/W2004163116","https://openalex.org/W2044111401","https://openalex.org/W2080271204","https://openalex.org/W2082290707","https://openalex.org/W2096945460","https://openalex.org/W2109553965","https://openalex.org/W2112076978","https://openalex.org/W2118978333","https://openalex.org/W2132623619","https://openalex.org/W2148573490","https://openalex.org/W2149027072","https://openalex.org/W2172033687","https://openalex.org/W2309435744","https://openalex.org/W2563540059","https://openalex.org/W2564288310","https://openalex.org/W2585510674","https://openalex.org/W2759820149","https://openalex.org/W2765774415","https://openalex.org/W2769210209","https://openalex.org/W2792637434","https://openalex.org/W2885150722","https://openalex.org/W2894847505","https://openalex.org/W2900457482","https://openalex.org/W2912576347","https://openalex.org/W2914978454","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2957956212","https://openalex.org/W2981103490","https://openalex.org/W2982431816","https://openalex.org/W2990251032","https://openalex.org/W2996904338","https://openalex.org/W2999309192","https://openalex.org/W3015462573","https://openalex.org/W3024452997","https://openalex.org/W3038255897","https://openalex.org/W3045107740","https://openalex.org/W3103879499","https://openalex.org/W3109320662","https://openalex.org/W3118571930","https://openalex.org/W3124108956","https://openalex.org/W3132341468","https://openalex.org/W3135207588","https://openalex.org/W3167516728","https://openalex.org/W3189985814","https://openalex.org/W3205989412","https://openalex.org/W3212167230","https://openalex.org/W4220878096","https://openalex.org/W4220901123","https://openalex.org/W4224210822","https://openalex.org/W4224237804","https://openalex.org/W4284886511","https://openalex.org/W4367594959","https://openalex.org/W4381332133","https://openalex.org/W6676769703","https://openalex.org/W6751831877","https://openalex.org/W6780299228","https://openalex.org/W6948904497"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4313488044","https://openalex.org/W3209574120","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W2033914206"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Concerns":[0],"about":[1],"decreases":[2],"in":[3,8,16],"insect":[4],"population":[5],"and":[6,18,41,46,77,94,99,152,171],"biodiversity,":[7],"addition":[9],"to":[10,23],"the":[11,50,65,78,86,103,112,119,124,135,142,149,155,159,168,174,187],"need":[12,26,188],"for":[13,27,44,189],"monitoring":[14,30],"insects":[15],"agriculture":[17],"disease":[19],"control,":[20],"have":[21,38],"led":[22],"an":[24],"increased":[25],"automated,":[28],"non-invasive":[29],"techniques.":[31],"To":[32],"this":[33],"end,":[34],"entomological":[35],"lidar":[36,55],"systems":[37,56],"been":[39],"developed":[40],"successfully":[42],"used":[43],"detecting":[45],"classifying":[47],"insects.":[48],"However,":[49],"data":[51,62,66,191],"produced":[52],"by":[53],"these":[54],"create":[57],"several":[58],"problems":[59],"from":[60],"a":[61],"analysis":[63],"standpoint:":[64],"can":[67,185],"contain":[68,75],"millions":[69],"of":[70,89,106,126,148,154,167,173,183],"observations,":[71],"very":[72],"few":[73],"observations":[74],"insects,":[76],"background":[79],"environment":[80],"is":[81],"non-stationary.":[82],"This":[83],"study":[84],"compares":[85],"insect-detection":[87],"performance":[88],"various":[90],"supervised":[91,113,131],"machine":[92],"learning":[93,132],"unsupervised":[95],"changepoint":[96,120,161],"detection":[97,121,162],"algorithms":[98],"provides":[100],"commentary":[101],"on":[102,141],"relative":[104],"strengths":[105],"each":[107],"method.":[108],"We":[109],"found":[110],"that":[111,180],"methods":[114,184],"generally":[115],"perform":[116],"better":[117],"than":[118],"methods,":[122],"at":[123],"cost":[125],"needing":[127],"labeled":[128],"data.":[129],"The":[130],"method":[133,163],"with":[134],"highest":[136],"Matthew\u2019s":[137],"Correlation":[138],"Coefficient":[139],"score":[140],"testing":[143],"set":[144],"correctly":[145,164],"identified":[146,165],"99.5%":[147],"insect-containing":[150,169],"images":[151,170],"83.7%":[153],"non-insect":[156,175],"images;":[157],"similarly,":[158],"best":[160],"83.2%":[166],"84.2%":[172],"images.":[176],"Our":[177],"results":[178],"show":[179],"both":[181],"types":[182],"reduce":[186],"manual":[190],"analysis.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
