{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389224110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15235597","title":"Satellite Imagery-Based Cloud Classification Using Deep Learning","display_name":"Satellite Imagery-Based Cloud Classification Using Deep Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389224110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15235597"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15235597","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15235597","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/23/5597/pdf?version=1701436366","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/23/5597/pdf?version=1701436366","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093394637","display_name":"Rukhsar Yousaf","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I899713450","display_name":"Air University","ror":"https://ror.org/03yfe9v83","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rukhsar Yousaf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Avionics & Aeronautics (IAA), Air University (AU), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Avionics & Aeronautics (IAA), Air University (AU), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070538772","display_name":"Hafiz Zia Ur Rehman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1623-5317"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I899713450","display_name":"Air University","ror":"https://ror.org/03yfe9v83","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hafiz Zia Ur Rehman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Air University (AU), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Air University (AU), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101966880","display_name":"Khurram Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8572-5497"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5400463","display_name":"Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01sb6ek09","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5400463"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khurram Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute, Topi 23460, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute, Topi 23460, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5400463"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029552039","display_name":"Zeashan Hameed Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2002-8951"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zeashan Hameed Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Intelligent Manufacturing & Robotics (IRC-IMR), King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Intelligent Manufacturing & Robotics (IRC-IMR), King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090903439","display_name":"Adnan Fazil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2526-8436"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I899713450","display_name":"Air University","ror":"https://ror.org/03yfe9v83","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adnan Fazil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Avionics & Aeronautics (IAA), Air University (AU), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Avionics & Aeronautics (IAA), Air University (AU), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057910304","display_name":"Zahid Mahmood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4121-3558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131573596","display_name":"Abbottabad University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0549hdw45","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131573596"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zahid Mahmood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131573596","https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015732743","display_name":"Saeed Mian Qaisar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4268-3482"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125656591","display_name":"Effat University","ror":"https://ror.org/02cnwgt19","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125656591"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saeed Mian Qaisar","raw_affiliation_strings":["CESI LINEACT, 69100 Lyon, France","Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Effat University, Jeddah 21478, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CESI LINEACT, 69100 Lyon, France","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Effat University, Jeddah 21478, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125656591"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049326529","display_name":"Abdul Jabbar Siddiqui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6233-598X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdul Jabbar Siddiqui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia","SDAIA-KFUPM Joint Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SDAIA-KFUPM Joint Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029552039"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.7322,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86761138,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"23","first_page":"5597","last_page":"5597"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8147410154342651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6234380006790161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5229550004005432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5187442898750305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5077977776527405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.49416282773017883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.4790845513343811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snapshot","display_name":"Snapshot (computer storage)","score":0.4753156304359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.46580013632774353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.45492640137672424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3829733431339264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.12190645933151245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.09332224726676941}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8147410154342651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6234380006790161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5229550004005432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5187442898750305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5077977776527405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49416282773017883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.4790845513343811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55282118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252683","display_name":"Snapshot (computer storage)","level":2,"score":0.4753156304359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.46580013632774353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.45492640137672424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3829733431339264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.12190645933151245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.09332224726676941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15235597","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15235597","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/23/5597/pdf?version=1701436366","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04425577v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04425577","pdf_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04425577/document","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922466","display_name":"SPIRE - Sciences Po Institutional REpository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, 2023, 15, ⟨10.3390/rs15235597⟩","raw_type":"Journal articles"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:93a9727fddb14af98c864b897f170f14","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/93a9727fddb14af98c864b897f170f14","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 23, p 5597 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15235597","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15235597","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/23/5597/pdf?version=1701436366","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1670890293","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JRC-AI-RFP-17","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322323","funder_display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8451728450","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JRC-AI","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322323","funder_display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322323","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389224110.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1789155650","https://openalex.org/W1920780335","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2144513243","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2223872147","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2589108063","https://openalex.org/W2593842892","https://openalex.org/W2616941502","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2744582969","https://openalex.org/W2765838470","https://openalex.org/W2783165089","https://openalex.org/W2801122074","https://openalex.org/W2809635958","https://openalex.org/W2810857113","https://openalex.org/W2885605338","https://openalex.org/W2901316757","https://openalex.org/W2906074946","https://openalex.org/W2913323966","https://openalex.org/W2915485951","https://openalex.org/W2932002651","https://openalex.org/W2935703330","https://openalex.org/W2954996726","https://openalex.org/W2962734576","https://openalex.org/W2998508940","https://openalex.org/W3004327178","https://openalex.org/W3035548318","https://openalex.org/W3093643905","https://openalex.org/W3107030229","https://openalex.org/W3111294584","https://openalex.org/W3168371931","https://openalex.org/W3186288012","https://openalex.org/W3207463797","https://openalex.org/W4210649526","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6681151457","https://openalex.org/W6743440100","https://openalex.org/W6752735937","https://openalex.org/W6788196454"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2542847180","https://openalex.org/W3034994054","https://openalex.org/W2805712290","https://openalex.org/W2591697403","https://openalex.org/W2155226960","https://openalex.org/W2909129499","https://openalex.org/W2392087771","https://openalex.org/W2953716828","https://openalex.org/W2904857019","https://openalex.org/W4297807321"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"significant":[1],"amount":[2],"of":[3,16,25,44,79,109,149,178],"satellite":[4],"imaging":[5],"data":[6,94,104],"is":[7,55,117],"now":[8],"easily":[9],"available":[10],"due":[11],"to":[12,35,119],"the":[13,22,99,107,113,125,133,162],"continued":[14],"development":[15],"remote":[17],"sensing":[18],"(RS)":[19],"technology.":[20],"Enabling":[21],"successful":[23],"application":[24],"RS":[26],"in":[27,39,50],"real-world":[28],"settings":[29],"requires":[30],"efficient":[31],"and":[32,47,93,152,171,173],"scalable":[33],"solutions":[34],"extend":[36],"their":[37],"use":[38],"multidisciplinary":[40],"areas.":[41],"The":[42,128,158],"goal":[43],"quick":[45],"analysis":[46],"precise":[48],"classification":[49],"Remote":[51],"Sensing":[52],"Imaging":[53],"(RSI)":[54],"often":[56],"accomplished":[57],"by":[58],"utilizing":[59],"approaches":[60],"based":[61],"on":[62],"deep":[63,164],"Convolution":[64],"Neural":[65],"Networks":[66],"(CNNs).":[67],"This":[68],"research":[69],"offers":[70],"a":[71],"unique":[72],"snapshot-based":[73],"residual":[74],"network":[75],"(SnapResNet)":[76],"that":[77],"consists":[78],"fully":[80],"connected":[81],"layers":[82],"(FC-1024),":[83],"batch":[84],"normalization":[85],"(BN),":[86],"L2":[87],"regularization,":[88],"dropout":[89],"layers,":[90],"dense":[91],"layer,":[92],"augmentation.":[95],"Architectural":[96],"changes":[97],"overcome":[98],"inter-class":[100],"similarity":[101],"problem":[102,108],"while":[103],"augmentation":[105],"resolves":[106],"imbalanced":[110],"classes.":[111,157],"Moreover,":[112],"snapshot":[114],"ensemble":[115],"technique":[116],"utilized":[118],"prevent":[120],"over-fitting,":[121],"thereby":[122],"further":[123],"improving":[124],"network\u2019s":[126],"performance.":[127],"proposed":[129],"SnapResNet152":[130],"model":[131,160],"employs":[132],"most":[134],"challenging":[135],"Large-Scale":[136],"Cloud":[137],"Images":[138],"Dataset":[139],"for":[140],"Meteorology":[141],"Research":[142],"(LSCIDMR),":[143],"having":[144],"10":[145],"classes":[146],"with":[147],"thousands":[148],"high-resolution":[150],"images":[151],"classifying":[153],"them":[154],"into":[155],"respective":[156],"developed":[159],"outperforms":[161],"existing":[163],"learning-based":[165],"algorithms":[166],"(e.g.,":[167],"AlexNet,":[168],"VGG-19,":[169],"ResNet101,":[170],"EfficientNet)":[172],"achieves":[174],"an":[175],"overall":[176],"accuracy":[177],"97.25%.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-11T08:14:18.477133","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}