{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389246194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15235595","title":"Multi-Frequency Differential Absorption LIDAR (DIAL) System for Aerosol and Cloud Retrievals of CO2/H2O and CH4/H2O","display_name":"Multi-Frequency Differential Absorption LIDAR (DIAL) System for Aerosol and Cloud Retrievals of CO2/H2O and CH4/H2O","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389246194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15235595"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15235595","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15235595","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/23/5595/pdf?version=1701429041","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/23/5595/pdf?version=1701429041","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034120146","display_name":"Jasper R. Stroud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0941-4424"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109969","display_name":"Physical Measurement Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/016s8vs02","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I4210109969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jasper R. Stroud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Physics Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Physics Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109969","https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000516486","display_name":"Gerd Wagner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6043-7878"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerd A. Wagner","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Technical Physics, Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Technical Physics, Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005059066","display_name":"David F. Plusquellic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7316-8611"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109969","display_name":"Physical Measurement Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/016s8vs02","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I4210109969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David F. Plusquellic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Physics Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Physics Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109969","https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005059066"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I4210109969"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.1416,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77252348,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"23","first_page":"5595","last_page":"5595"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11111","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Laser Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1607","display_name":"Spectroscopy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11320","display_name":"Atmospheric Ozone and Climate","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.9132105708122253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dial","display_name":"Dial","score":0.8340668678283691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.688536524772644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.615910530090332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5455238223075867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerosol","display_name":"Aerosol","score":0.5091447234153748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixing-ratio","display_name":"Mixing ratio","score":0.4883856177330017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.46683254837989807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.43754467368125916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.24046877026557922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2218663990497589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-sciences","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","score":0.1577315628528595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.1057727038860321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.10131564736366272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.09121987223625183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08042594790458679}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.9132105708122253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779710594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4151234","display_name":"Dial","level":2,"score":0.8340668678283691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.688536524772644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.615910530090332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5455238223075867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779345167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104541","display_name":"Aerosol","level":2,"score":0.5091447234153748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18459110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171293","display_name":"Mixing ratio","level":2,"score":0.4883856177330017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.46683254837989807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.43754467368125916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.24046877026557922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2218663990497589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.1577315628528595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.1057727038860321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.10131564736366272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.09121987223625183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08042594790458679}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15235595","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15235595","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/23/5595/pdf?version=1701429041","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:elib.dlr.de:202209","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15235595>.","pdf_url":"https://elib.dlr.de/202209/1/remotesensing-15-05595.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196266","display_name":"elib (German Aerospace Center)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","host_organization_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4ccb3104138e49bc82fad677c1d4c314","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4ccb3104138e49bc82fad677c1d4c314","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 23, p 5595 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15235595","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15235595","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/23/5595/pdf?version=1701429041","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332178","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389246194.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980826499","https://openalex.org/W1995671658","https://openalex.org/W1998128249","https://openalex.org/W2011427640","https://openalex.org/W2029683984","https://openalex.org/W2035575537","https://openalex.org/W2041366759","https://openalex.org/W2048153581","https://openalex.org/W2061586657","https://openalex.org/W2082560175","https://openalex.org/W2097387131","https://openalex.org/W2126181690","https://openalex.org/W2165003737","https://openalex.org/W2225947130","https://openalex.org/W2324112116","https://openalex.org/W2409318130","https://openalex.org/W2501151169","https://openalex.org/W2624865106","https://openalex.org/W2737471477","https://openalex.org/W2755219352","https://openalex.org/W2765855285","https://openalex.org/W2790714874","https://openalex.org/W2796867993","https://openalex.org/W2799311843","https://openalex.org/W2883851720","https://openalex.org/W2889680864","https://openalex.org/W2891961080","https://openalex.org/W2907534952","https://openalex.org/W2955333993","https://openalex.org/W3035933625","https://openalex.org/W3128509678","https://openalex.org/W3176236759","https://openalex.org/W4200599926","https://openalex.org/W4306399490","https://openalex.org/W4313627714","https://openalex.org/W4362468363","https://openalex.org/W4386142203","https://openalex.org/W4386308384"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2002530021","https://openalex.org/W4248342377","https://openalex.org/W4384112194","https://openalex.org/W2783354812","https://openalex.org/W2103009189","https://openalex.org/W2014662738","https://openalex.org/W2594043982","https://openalex.org/W3036493597","https://openalex.org/W4321518304","https://openalex.org/W2901055406"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"discuss":[1],"a":[2,75,207],"remote":[3],"sensing":[4],"system":[5],"that":[6,78],"is":[7,70],"used":[8],"to":[9,37,53,74,163,174,194],"simultaneously":[10],"detect":[11],"range-resolved":[12],"differential":[13,25],"absorption":[14,26],"LIDAR":[15,27,42,147,188],"(light":[16],"detection":[17,95],"and":[18,22,59,82,103,108,120,126,130,154,200,213],"ranging;":[19],"DIAL)":[20],"signals":[21,28],"integrated":[23,105,165],"path":[24],"(IPDA":[29],"LIDAR)":[30],"from":[31,114,149,172],"aerosol":[32],"targets":[33],"for":[34,94,197,210],"ranges":[35],"up":[36],"22":[38],"km.":[39],"The":[40,67,140,176],"DIAL/IPDA":[41],"frequency":[43],"converter":[44],"consists":[45],"of":[46,99,118,144],"an":[47],"OPO":[48],"pumped":[49],"at":[50,56,61,123,132,191],"1064":[51],"nm":[52,125],"produce":[54],"light":[55,69],"1.6":[57],"\u03bcm":[58],"operates":[60],"100":[62],"Hz":[63],"pulse":[64],"repetition":[65],"frequency.":[66],"probe":[68],"free":[71],"space":[72],"coupled":[73],"movable":[76],"platform":[77],"contains":[79],"one":[80],"transmitter":[81],"two":[83,97],"receiver":[84],"telescopes.":[85],"Hybrid":[86],"photon":[87],"counting/current":[88],"systems":[89],"increase":[90],"the":[91,145,155,158,164,168,186,192],"dynamic":[92],"range":[93,171],"by":[96],"orders":[98],"magnitude.":[100],"Range":[101],"resolved":[102],"column":[104],"dry-air":[106],"CO2":[107,119,199],"CH4":[109,121],"mixing":[110,159,179,189],"ratios":[111,142,160,180,190],"are":[112,181],"obtained":[113],"line":[115],"shape":[116],"fits":[117],"centered":[122],"1602.2":[124],"1645.5":[127],"nm,":[128],"respectively,":[129],"measured":[131],"10":[133],"different":[134],"frequencies":[135],"over":[136,167],"\u22481.3":[137],"cm\u22121":[138],"bandwidth.":[139],"signal-to-noise":[141],"(SNRs)":[143],"IPDA":[146,187],"returns":[148],"cloud":[150,169],"aerosols":[151],"approach":[152],"1000:1":[153],"uncertainties":[156],"in":[157,182],"weighted":[161],"according":[162],"counts":[166],"segments":[170],"0.1%":[173],"1%.":[175],"range-averaged":[177],"DIAL":[178],"good":[183],"agreement":[184],"with":[185],"1%":[193],"2%":[195],"level":[196],"both":[198],"CH4.":[201],"These":[202],"results":[203],"can":[204],"serve":[205],"as":[206],"validation":[208],"method":[209],"future":[211],"active":[212],"passive":[214],"satellite":[215],"observational":[216],"systems.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}