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MOST ES TOOLS USE LAND-USE/LAND COVER (LULC) AS THE SOLE INPUT REPRESENTING ECOSYSTEM CONTRIBUTION TO ES  AND THEREFORE NEGLECT THE POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF WITHIN-HABITAT VARIATION OR CHANGES IN DIVERSITY. THE ESSENTIAL BIODIVERSITY VARIABLE (EBV) FRAMEWORK ESTABLISHES METRICS FOR SPATIALLY-EXPLICIT REPRESENTATION OF BIODIVERSITY CHANGE OVER TIME AND ADDRESSES THESE MULTIPLE DIMENSIONS OF BIODIVERSITY. IN THEORY  EBVS CAN FEED INTO MODELS FOR ECOSYSTEM SERVICES TO REPRESENT THE BENEFITS OF BIODIVERSITY TO PEOPLE. HOWEVER  FEW ANALYSES DEMONSTRATE THE EXTENT TO WHICH EBVS MEASURED BY EARTH OBSERVATIONS (EO) REPRESENT BIODIVERSITY DYNAMICS ACROSS MULTIPLE TAXA  AND NO TOOLS CURRENTLY TRANSLATE EBVS INTO ES AND/OR THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO HUMAN WELL-BEING. WE PROPOSE A TWO-STAGE PROJECT TO FILL THESE GAPS: THE FIRST STAGE LINKS EO TO THE EBVS MOST RELEVANT TO ES  AND THE SECOND STAGE LINKS EBVS TO ES AND THEIR BENEFITS TO PEOPLE. WE WILL DEVELOP AND TEST MODELS THAT USE EO TO CALCULATE ECOSYSTEM-LEVEL EBVS (E-EBVS) AND PREDICT BIODIVERSITY PATTERNS AT ECOSYSTEM AND SPECIES LEVEL (S-EBVS). THESE EBVS WILL THEN SERVE AS INPUTS TO NEW MODELS THAT PREDICT THREE FOCAL ES THAT EXEMPLIFY THREE CATEGORIES OF SERVICES: REGULATING (WATER REGULATION)  SUPPORTING OF PROVISIONING (POLLINATION FOR CROP PRODUCTION)  AND CULTURAL (WILDLIFE FOR INTRINSIC VALUE  AND WILDLIFE-BASED TOURISM). WE WILL TEST THESE NEW EBV-DRIVEN ES MODELS AGAINST THOSE DRIVEN PURELY BY LULC USING INDEPENDENT DATA ON ES PRODUCTION. THESE MODELS WILL DEMONSTRATE SEVERAL PATHWAYS FOR USING EOS TO LINK BIODIVERSITY TO ES. FOR WATER REGULATION  E-EBVS CALCULATED SOLELY FROM EO MAY BE USED INSTEAD OF LULC IN PROCESS-BASED MODELS THAT INCLUDE OTHER INPUTS (E.G.  PRECIPITATION  SOIL DEPTH AND BULK DENSITY  ETC.) TO PRODUCE ES SUPPLY (SEASONAL WATER AVAILABILITY). FOR POLLINATION AND TOURISM  S-EBVS CAN BE DERIVED FROM EO WITH ADDITIONAL PREDICTOR VARIABLES  IDEALLY FROM GLOBALLY-AVAILABLE DATA (E.G.  MICROCLIMATE  SOIL TYPE  ASPECT  ETC.). THESE SPATIALLYEXPLICIT S-EBVS CAN THEN BE USED INDIVIDUALLY OR IN COMBINATION TO SERVE AS PROXIES FOR ES PROVIDERS  LIKE POLLINATORS OR WILDLIFE  THAT ARE ESSENTIALLY THE ORIGIN OF SUPPLY FOR THESE ES. IN BOTH CASES THESE MODELS OF ES SUPPLY  WHEN COMBINED WITH MODELS OR DATA FOR ES DEMAND (E.G.  INFRASTRUCTURE  ACCESS  LOCATION OF BENEFICIARIES  ETC.)  WILL PRODUCE SPATIALLY-EXPLICIT ESTIMATES OF ES BENEFITS TO PEOPLE. WE PLAN TO ANALYZE AND COMPARE EO-EBVS DERIVED FROM MULTIPLE EO MISSION DATA SOURCES IN COSTA RICA  INCLUDING LANDSAT  MODIS  HYPERION  AND GLAS  AS WELL AS AIRBORNE DATA FROM THE 2005 LVIS MISSION AND 2005 CARTA MISSION. TO LINK EO TO E-EBVS TO S-EBVS  WE WILL DEVELOP PREDICTIVE MODELS BASED ON SPECIES OBSERVATIONS COLLECTED IN COSTA RICA  AUGMENTED WITH ADDITIONAL FIELD COLLECTION. TO LINK EBVS TO ES  WE WILL USE A VARIETY OF TECHNIQUES SUITED TO THE SPECIFIC SERVICE  INCLUDING SOPHISTICATED HYDROLOGIC MODELING (WATER REGULATION)  FIELD EXCLUSION EXPERIMENTS (POLLINATION)  AND REGRESSION ANALYSIS WITH SOCIAL MEDIA DATA (TOURISM). FOR EACH OF THESE LINKAGES WE WILL: 1) COLLECT OR PROCESS DATA FOR MODEL DEVELOPMENT  2) DEVELOP MODEL  3) GENERATE NATIONWIDE MAPS FOR COSTA RICA  4) TEST MODEL AGAINST INDEPENDENT DATA SETS  AND GIVEN TESTING RESULTS  5) PRODUCE GENERALIZED SOFTWARE TOOLS. WE EXPECT THIS PROJECT TO FILL KEY GAPS IN OUR KNOWLEDGE OF HOW EO CAN PREDICT PATTERNS OF BIODIVERSITY AT DIFFERENT LEVELS  AND IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONS AND SERVICES. THIS IS AN IMPORTANT STEP FORWARD FOR THE FIELDS OF EO AND ES  AND FOR SUPPORT OF DECISIONS ON CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.","funder_award_id":"80NSSC18K0434","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4539821159","display_name":"WE PROPOSE TO DEVELOP A CLASSIFICATION OF ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONAL TYPES (EFTS). EFTS ARE A TOP-DOWN CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL HETEROGENEITY OF ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING  BASED ON AREAS OF THE LAND SURFACE THAT PROCESS ENERGY AND MATTER IN SIMILAR WAYS  AND POTENTIALLY SHOW COORDINATED RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS.","funder_award_id":"80NSSC18K0446","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5080475149","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.13039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7084143925","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AEI/10","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7266728691","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de 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