{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389205848","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15235575","title":"ERF-RTMDet: An Improved Small Object Detection Method in Remote Sensing Images","display_name":"ERF-RTMDet: An Improved Small Object Detection Method in Remote Sensing Images","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389205848","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15235575"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15235575","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15235575","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/23/5575/pdf?version=1701340144","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/23/5575/pdf?version=1701340144","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114833209","display_name":"Shuo Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6385-7086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuo Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002694599","display_name":"Huanxin Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6182-4877"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Huanxin Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102617502","display_name":"Yazhe Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120125","display_name":"Tianjin Institute of Advanced Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02tthqe19","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yazhe Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin Advanced Technology Research Institute, Tianjin 300457, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Advanced Technology Research Institute, Tianjin 300457, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100430970","display_name":"Xu Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8739-5196"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081188725","display_name":"Shitian He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9696-8865"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shitian He","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000973540","display_name":"Meilin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3732-962X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meilin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114832925","display_name":"Yuqing Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuqing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002694599"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.0639,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88768457,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"23","first_page":"5575","last_page":"5575"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.804685115814209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upsampling","display_name":"Upsampling","score":0.7086476683616638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6496925354003906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5796458125114441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyramid","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","score":0.5630673170089722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5574474930763245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5243066549301147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pooling","display_name":"Pooling","score":0.5230427980422974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.4511123299598694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.43782538175582886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.34012702107429504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.20506495237350464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.07071805000305176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.06903979182243347}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.804685115814209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110384440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143270","display_name":"Upsampling","level":3,"score":0.7086476683616638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6496925354003906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5796458125114441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142575187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358290","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5630673170089722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5574474930763245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5243066549301147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.5230427980422974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4511123299598694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.43782538175582886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.34012702107429504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.20506495237350464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.07071805000305176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.06903979182243347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15235575","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15235575","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/23/5575/pdf?version=1701340144","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:297e876a43254d7cb891b44b306e4be0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/297e876a43254d7cb891b44b306e4be0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 23, p 5575 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15235575","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15235575","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/23/5575/pdf?version=1701340144","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2871255934","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62071474","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389205848.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2109255472","https://openalex.org/W2476548250","https://openalex.org/W2512351403","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2592939477","https://openalex.org/W2806070179","https://openalex.org/W2884561390","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2886335102","https://openalex.org/W2962766617","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963420686","https://openalex.org/W2963857746","https://openalex.org/W2963927307","https://openalex.org/W2982770724","https://openalex.org/W2987322772","https://openalex.org/W3013052605","https://openalex.org/W3034552520","https://openalex.org/W3157386596","https://openalex.org/W3176187859","https://openalex.org/W3215216361","https://openalex.org/W4210692332","https://openalex.org/W4214507171","https://openalex.org/W4224283975","https://openalex.org/W4285409229","https://openalex.org/W4296607183","https://openalex.org/W4301516930","https://openalex.org/W4308119868","https://openalex.org/W4308588230","https://openalex.org/W4312823573","https://openalex.org/W4313561323","https://openalex.org/W4323351162","https://openalex.org/W4386076325","https://openalex.org/W4391331851"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2559156603","https://openalex.org/W4300832495","https://openalex.org/W2987852271","https://openalex.org/W4287394948","https://openalex.org/W3149642877","https://openalex.org/W2967990525","https://openalex.org/W2949066288","https://openalex.org/W3119356360","https://openalex.org/W2022849497","https://openalex.org/W3215923428"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"significant":[1],"challenge":[2],"in":[3,6,74],"detecting":[4],"objects":[5,25,73,108,181],"complex":[7,40],"remote":[8],"sensing":[9],"(RS)":[10],"datasets":[11],"is":[12,62,99,123,142],"from":[13,34],"small":[14,24,52,72,88,107,180],"objects.":[15,194],"Existing":[16],"detection":[17,54,69,177,188],"methods":[18,32],"achieve":[19,65],"much":[20],"lower":[21],"accuracy":[22],"on":[23,71,106,161,179,190],"than":[26],"medium":[27],"and":[28,43,109,164,192],"large":[29],"ones.":[30],"These":[31],"suffer":[33],"limited":[35],"feature":[36,128,154],"information,":[37],"susceptibility":[38],"to":[39,64,82,101,144],"background":[41,114],"interferences,":[42],"insufficient":[44],"contextual":[45,104],"information.":[46,115],"To":[47],"address":[48],"these":[49],"issues,":[50],"a":[51,66],"object":[53,150],"method":[55],"with":[56],"the":[57,84,92,111,117,132,137,146,153,162,187],"enhanced":[58],"receptive":[59,85,147],"field,":[60],"ERF-RTMDet,":[61],"proposed":[63,100,143],"more":[67,103,126],"robust":[68],"capability":[70],"RS":[75],"images.":[76],"Specifically,":[77],"three":[78],"modules":[79],"are":[80,159],"employed":[81,124],"enhance":[83],"field":[86,148],"of":[87,113,120,131,149],"objects\u2019":[89],"features.":[90],"First,":[91],"Dilated":[93,139],"Spatial":[94],"Pyramid":[95],"Pooling":[96],"Fast":[97],"Module":[98,122,141],"gather":[102],"information":[105],"suppress":[110],"interference":[112],"Second,":[116],"Content-Aware":[118],"Reassembly":[119],"Features":[121],"for":[125],"efficient":[127],"fusion":[129,155],"instead":[130],"nearest-neighbor":[133],"upsampling":[134],"operator.":[135],"Finally,":[136],"Hybrid":[138],"Attention":[140],"expand":[145],"features":[151],"after":[152],"network.":[156],"Extensive":[157],"experiments":[158],"conducted":[160],"MAR20":[163],"NWPU":[165],"VHR-10":[166],"datasets.":[167],"The":[168],"experimental":[169],"results":[170],"show":[171],"that":[172],"our":[173],"ERF-RTMDet":[174],"attains":[175],"higher":[176],"precision":[178,189],"while":[182],"maintaining":[183],"or":[184],"slightly":[185],"enhancing":[186],"mid-scale":[191],"large-scale":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}