{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389144679","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15235553","title":"Quality Control for Ocean Current Measurement Using High-Frequency Direction-Finding Radar","display_name":"Quality Control for Ocean Current Measurement Using High-Frequency Direction-Finding Radar","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389144679","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15235553"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15235553","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15235553","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/23/5553/pdf?version=1701245927","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/23/5553/pdf?version=1701245927","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056351004","display_name":"S. L. He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9337-3055"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuqin He","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087239998","display_name":"Hao Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3680-5903"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hao Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090012410","display_name":"Yingwei Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3450-3688"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingwei Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100721091","display_name":"Da Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0373-9180"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Da Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043059006","display_name":"Jing Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1806-6003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013833040","display_name":"Caijun Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caijun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090385470","display_name":"Weimin Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9622-5041"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130438778","display_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","ror":"https://ror.org/04haebc03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weimin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, NL A1B 3X5, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, NL A1B 3X5, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087239998"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.8172,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86087918,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"23","first_page":"5553","last_page":"5553"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6195582747459412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoothing","display_name":"Smoothing","score":0.545864999294281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5404250621795654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5310495495796204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-effect","display_name":"Doppler effect","score":0.5018365383148193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/current","display_name":"Current (fluid)","score":0.42438334226608276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.35918545722961426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3458227515220642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.3251025676727295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.21386128664016724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.18160796165466309}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6195582747459412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3770464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775963","display_name":"Smoothing","level":2,"score":0.545864999294281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5404250621795654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5310495495796204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142757262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436","display_name":"Doppler effect","level":2,"score":0.5018365383148193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.42438334226608276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.35918545722961426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3458227515220642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.3251025676727295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.21386128664016724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.18160796165466309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15235553","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15235553","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/23/5553/pdf?version=1701245927","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:12a3098b02464238939e46d36b6b141b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/12a3098b02464238939e46d36b6b141b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 23, p 5553 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15235553","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15235553","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/23/5553/pdf?version=1701245927","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water","score":0.8700000047683716}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1477544716","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Guangdong","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2052861897","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41806215","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3238016531","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"18062","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4492574921","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62071337","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4767717106","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020B1111020003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389144679.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1545269890","https://openalex.org/W1681096947","https://openalex.org/W1908559025","https://openalex.org/W1914347677","https://openalex.org/W1974025511","https://openalex.org/W1986530935","https://openalex.org/W2013401365","https://openalex.org/W2038308606","https://openalex.org/W2046211818","https://openalex.org/W2051566564","https://openalex.org/W2052590828","https://openalex.org/W2057125941","https://openalex.org/W2062324699","https://openalex.org/W2079993682","https://openalex.org/W2082384696","https://openalex.org/W2099985561","https://openalex.org/W2104311815","https://openalex.org/W2111933421","https://openalex.org/W2118725385","https://openalex.org/W2140999396","https://openalex.org/W2149755721","https://openalex.org/W2179349011","https://openalex.org/W2179461994","https://openalex.org/W2604709953","https://openalex.org/W2624509499","https://openalex.org/W2751585279","https://openalex.org/W2758702219","https://openalex.org/W2785181894","https://openalex.org/W2890611367","https://openalex.org/W2899702797","https://openalex.org/W2905436114","https://openalex.org/W2907991957","https://openalex.org/W2936909699","https://openalex.org/W2939713472","https://openalex.org/W2975136125","https://openalex.org/W2980348019","https://openalex.org/W3082678792","https://openalex.org/W3210029773","https://openalex.org/W4210798405","https://openalex.org/W4212986384","https://openalex.org/W4242285527","https://openalex.org/W4312349707","https://openalex.org/W4312409655","https://openalex.org/W6847711941"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2383807498","https://openalex.org/W1978572805","https://openalex.org/W1997992934","https://openalex.org/W1987225439","https://openalex.org/W4238188170","https://openalex.org/W2125114371","https://openalex.org/W2149980199","https://openalex.org/W2019977573","https://openalex.org/W3125766170","https://openalex.org/W2391139946"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"High-frequency":[0],"radars":[1],"(HFRs)":[2],"are":[3,202,211,277,292],"important":[4],"for":[5,46,77,100,110,137,163],"remote":[6],"sensing":[7],"of":[8,23,52,63,123,154,182,266,314],"the":[9,24,36,91,94,111,116,124,130,135,138,170,180,205,231,244,253,262,267,286,309],"marine":[10],"environment":[11],"due":[12,34],"to":[13,16,35,104,178,249],"their":[14],"ability":[15],"provide":[17],"real-time,":[18],"wide-coverage,":[19],"and":[20,30,44,49,81,120,134,191,200,217,235,273,282,285,297],"high-resolution":[21],"measurements":[22],"ocean":[25],"surface":[26,166],"current,":[27,269],"wave":[28],"height,":[29],"wind":[31],"speed.":[32],"However,":[33],"intricate":[37],"multidimensional":[38],"processing":[39,164],"demands":[40],"(e.g.,":[41],"time,":[42],"Doppler,":[43],"space)":[45],"internal":[47],"data":[48,61,168,255],"effective":[50],"suppression":[51],"external":[53,184],"noise,":[54],"conducting":[55],"quality":[56,74,95,246],"control":[57],"(QC)":[58],"on":[59,115,151],"radar-measured":[60],"is":[62,98,160,176,223,247],"great":[64],"importance.":[65],"In":[66,90],"this":[67],"paper,":[68],"we":[69],"first":[70],"present":[71],"a":[72,226],"comprehensive":[73],"evaluation":[75],"model":[76,149,238],"both":[78],"radial":[79,112,195,268],"current":[80,84,102,113,141,167,245,271,275],"synthesized":[82,139,270,274],"vector":[83,140,206],"obtained":[85],"by":[86,230,279,294],"direction-finding":[87],"(DF)":[88],"HFRs.":[89],"proposed":[92,162,220,301],"model,":[93],"factor":[96,122],"(QF)":[97],"calculated":[99,144],"each":[101],"cell":[103],"evaluate":[105],"its":[106],"reliability.":[107],"The":[108,219,241,300],"QF":[109,136],"depends":[114],"signal-to-noise":[117],"ratio":[118],"(SNR)":[119],"DF":[121],"first-order":[125],"Bragg":[126],"peak":[127],"region":[128],"in":[129,243],"range\u2013Doppler":[131],"(RD)":[132],"spectrum,":[133],"can":[142],"be":[143,250],"using":[145,225],"an":[146],"error":[147],"propagation":[148],"based":[150],"geometric":[152],"dilution":[153],"precision":[155],"(GDOP).":[156],"A":[157],"QC":[158,221,302],"method":[159,222,303],"then":[161],"HFR-derived":[165],"via":[169],"following":[171],"steps:":[172],"(1)":[173],"signal":[174],"preprocessing":[175],"performed":[177],"minimize":[179],"effect":[181],"unwanted":[183],"signals":[185],"such":[186],"as":[187,256],"radio":[188],"frequency":[189],"interference":[190],"ionospheric":[192],"clutter;":[193],"(2)":[194],"currents":[196,207],"with":[197,208],"low":[198,209],"QFs":[199,210],"outliers":[201],"removed;":[203],"(3)":[204],"also":[212],"removed":[213],"before":[214],"spatial":[215],"smoothing":[216],"interpolation.":[218],"validated":[224],"one-month-long":[227],"dataset":[228],"collected":[229],"Ocean":[232],"State":[233],"Monitoring":[234],"Analyzing":[236],"Radar,":[237],"S":[239],"(OSMAR-S).":[240],"improvement":[242],"proven":[248],"significant.":[251],"Using":[252],"buoy":[254],"ground":[257],"truth,":[258],"after":[259],"applying":[260],"QC,":[261],"correlation":[263],"coefficients":[264],"(CCs)":[265],"speed,":[272],"direction":[276],"increased":[278],"4.33~102.91%,":[280],"1.04~90.74%,":[281],"1.20~62.67%,":[283],"respectively,":[284],"root":[287],"mean":[288],"square":[289],"errors":[290],"(RMSEs)":[291],"decreased":[293],"2.51~49.65%,":[295],"7.86~27.22%,":[296],"1.68~28.99%,":[298],"respectively.":[299],"has":[304],"now":[305],"been":[306],"incorporated":[307],"into":[308],"operational":[310],"software":[311],"(RemoteSiteConsole":[312],"v1.0.0.65)":[313],"OSMAR-S.":[315]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}