{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389079973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15235547","title":"A Comparative Study of Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Using Bagging PU Learning in Class-Prior Probability Shift Datasets","display_name":"A Comparative Study of Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Using Bagging PU Learning in Class-Prior Probability Shift Datasets","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389079973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15235547"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15235547","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15235547","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/23/5547/pdf?version=1701187512","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/23/5547/pdf?version=1701187512","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042491724","display_name":"Lingran Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7686-3071"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingran Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Intelligent Automation for Complex Systems, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China","School of Automation, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Intelligent Automation for Complex Systems, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003777179","display_name":"Hangling Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hangling Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057592310","display_name":"Jiahui Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2819-296X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahui Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102008239","display_name":"Xueling Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5125-472X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueling Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060871096","display_name":"Hang Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2862-4838"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113530","display_name":"Hubei Provincial Water Resources and Hydropower Planning Survey and Design Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01hf8qc75","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113530"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubei Geological Environment Station, Wuhan 430000, China","Hubei Key Laboratory of Resources and Eco-Environment Geology, Hubei Geological Bureau, Wuhan 430000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Geological Environment Station, Wuhan 430000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113530"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Resources and Eco-Environment Geology, Hubei Geological Bureau, Wuhan 430000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113530"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063163226","display_name":"Ruiqing Niu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0862-7890"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ruiqing Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063163226"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":4.2231,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93942827,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"23","first_page":"5547","last_page":"5547"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslides and related hazards","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslides and related hazards","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.98089998960495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12293","display_name":"Dam Engineering and Safety","score":0.9574000239372253,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landslide","display_name":"Landslide","score":0.7849135398864746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.678013265132904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6142769455909729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5235897302627563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.49272826313972473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.4914664030075073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.47840556502342224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.46451038122177124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.4346475899219513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.33959126472473145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.22163712978363037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.12163367867469788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","score":0.08126497268676758}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186295008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167903","display_name":"Landslide","level":2,"score":0.7849135398864746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.678013265132904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6142769455909729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5235897302627563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49272826313972473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.4914664030075073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.47840556502342224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.46451038122177124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.4346475899219513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.33959126472473145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22163712978363037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.12163367867469788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.08126497268676758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15235547","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15235547","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/23/5547/pdf?version=1701187512","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9fd08968b7004a08a2918ce0429a4e3a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9fd08968b7004a08a2918ce0429a4e3a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 23, p 5547 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15235547","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15235547","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/23/5547/pdf?version=1701187512","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G26576258","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B17040","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327912","funder_display_name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3126441744","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42071429","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327912","funder_display_name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4596456331","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B17040","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5675641395","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42071429","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327912","display_name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389079973.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22461475","https://openalex.org/W1980276147","https://openalex.org/W1988650824","https://openalex.org/W1994214164","https://openalex.org/W2023203753","https://openalex.org/W2038553416","https://openalex.org/W2050871273","https://openalex.org/W2101571195","https://openalex.org/W2120630093","https://openalex.org/W2123958887","https://openalex.org/W2124217455","https://openalex.org/W2143192068","https://openalex.org/W2163567123","https://openalex.org/W2496765313","https://openalex.org/W2590985103","https://openalex.org/W2782930427","https://openalex.org/W2808860853","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2924223555","https://openalex.org/W2993717253","https://openalex.org/W2999310044","https://openalex.org/W3024644232","https://openalex.org/W3081160653","https://openalex.org/W3087192809","https://openalex.org/W3090065908","https://openalex.org/W3117712630","https://openalex.org/W3121991432","https://openalex.org/W3168782052","https://openalex.org/W3180194196","https://openalex.org/W3193762404","https://openalex.org/W3197983935","https://openalex.org/W3212666740","https://openalex.org/W3213199311","https://openalex.org/W4212883601","https://openalex.org/W4220997607","https://openalex.org/W4281568920","https://openalex.org/W4283018661","https://openalex.org/W4283168409","https://openalex.org/W4283323489","https://openalex.org/W4286500316","https://openalex.org/W4293058868","https://openalex.org/W4304996658","https://openalex.org/W4315486478","https://openalex.org/W4318617229","https://openalex.org/W4318683761","https://openalex.org/W4353065020","https://openalex.org/W4362633381","https://openalex.org/W4363675695","https://openalex.org/W4377983245","https://openalex.org/W7001604869"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2389676928","https://openalex.org/W3169474304","https://openalex.org/W2369104181","https://openalex.org/W3201652628","https://openalex.org/W4212972401","https://openalex.org/W2389287188","https://openalex.org/W70668483","https://openalex.org/W2885606342","https://openalex.org/W3106883776","https://openalex.org/W2950100253"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Landslide":[0],"susceptibility":[1,66,96,139,158],"mapping":[2,159],"is":[3,39],"typically":[4],"based":[5],"on":[6,125,149,163],"binary":[7],"prediction":[8,131],"probabilities.":[9],"However,":[10],"non-landslide":[11],"samples":[12,32],"in":[13,70,89,113,134],"modeling":[14],"datasets":[15,54,151],"are":[16],"often":[17],"unlabeled":[18],"data,":[19],"and":[20,38,47,57,98,119,136],"the":[21,28,44,64,71,79,91,100,107,115,120,144],"phenomenon":[22],"of":[23,30,73,81,94,109,117,123,146],"class-priori":[24],"shift,":[25],"that":[26],"is,":[27],"proportion":[29],"landslide":[31,65,95,157],"frequently":[33],"deviates":[34],"from":[35],"real-world":[36],"scenarios":[37],"spatially":[40],"heterogeneous.":[41],"By":[42],"comparing":[43],"classification":[45],"performance":[46,93],"predicted":[48],"probability":[49],"distributions":[50],"across":[51],"multiple":[52],"unbalanced":[53,126,164],"with":[55,152],"known":[56],"unknown":[58],"sample":[59,154],"proportions,":[60],"this":[61],"study":[62,77],"assesses":[63],"model\u2019s":[67],"generalization":[68,92,121],"ability":[69],"context":[72],"class-prior":[74],"shifts.":[75],"The":[76],"investigates":[78],"potential":[80],"Bagging":[82,101,110],"PU":[83,111],"Learning,":[84],"a":[85],"semi-supervised":[86],"learning":[87],"approach,":[88],"improving":[90],"models":[97,124,147],"proposes":[99],"PU-GDBT":[102],"algorithm.":[103],"Our":[104],"findings":[105],"highlight":[106],"effectiveness":[108],"Learning":[112],"enhancing":[114],"recall":[116],"landslides":[118],"capabilities":[122],"datasets.":[127,165],"This":[128],"method":[129],"reduces":[130],"uncertainties,":[132],"especially":[133],"high":[135,138],"very":[137],"zones.":[140],"Furthermore,":[141],"results":[142],"emphasize":[143],"superiority":[145],"trained":[148,162],"balanced":[150],"1:1":[153],"ratio":[155],"for":[156],"over":[160],"those":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}