{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388775030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15225404","title":"Above Ground Level Estimation of Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar Altimeter by a Fully Supervised Altimetry Enhancement Network","display_name":"Above Ground Level Estimation of Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar Altimeter by a Fully Supervised Altimetry Enhancement Network","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388775030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15225404"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15225404","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15225404","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/22/5404/pdf?version=1700226439","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/22/5404/pdf?version=1700226439","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091420019","display_name":"Mengmeng Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0753-6663"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801345734","display_name":"China Academy of Engineering Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/039vqpp67","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801345734"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengmeng Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics, Institute of Electronic Engineering, Mianyang 621900, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics, Institute of Electronic Engineering, Mianyang 621900, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801345734"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100536111","display_name":"LU Yan-xi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801345734","display_name":"China Academy of Engineering Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/039vqpp67","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801345734"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yanxi Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801345734"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101583534","display_name":"Yao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3633-8623"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801345734","display_name":"China Academy of Engineering Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/039vqpp67","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801345734"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801345734"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104199606","display_name":"Gaozheng Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801345734","display_name":"China Academy of Engineering Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/039vqpp67","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801345734"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaozheng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801345734"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101268483","display_name":"Longlong Tan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801345734","display_name":"China Academy of Engineering Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/039vqpp67","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801345734"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Longlong Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801345734"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004167136","display_name":"Yi Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5560-7836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801345734","display_name":"China Academy of Engineering Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/039vqpp67","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801345734"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801345734"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101907359","display_name":"Li Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4876-6975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801345734","display_name":"China Academy of Engineering Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/039vqpp67","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801345734"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801345734"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100765361","display_name":"Ge Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7599-5602"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801345734","display_name":"China Academy of Engineering Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/039vqpp67","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801345734"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ge Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801345734"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100536111"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801345734"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.7614,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84448787,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"22","first_page":"5404","last_page":"5404"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7254834175109863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6253567934036255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.5975008010864258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5487209558486938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/altimeter","display_name":"Altimeter","score":0.5409631729125977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speckle-noise","display_name":"Speckle noise","score":0.48669129610061646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-altimeter","display_name":"Radar altimeter","score":0.43304771184921265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.43100687861442566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4206588864326477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3353177011013031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speckle-pattern","display_name":"Speckle pattern","score":0.2414635419845581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.15557634830474854}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7254834175109863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6253567934036255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.5975008010864258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5487209558486938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17534553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216197","display_name":"Altimeter","level":2,"score":0.5409631729125977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180940675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575045","display_name":"Speckle noise","level":3,"score":0.48669129610061646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1104030","display_name":"Radar altimeter","level":3,"score":0.43304771184921265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.43100687861442566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4206588864326477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3353177011013031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102290492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575045","display_name":"Speckle pattern","level":2,"score":0.2414635419845581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.15557634830474854}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15225404","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15225404","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/22/5404/pdf?version=1700226439","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d5cb2f86ab0e4731ac356976ca6bd2b4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d5cb2f86ab0e4731ac356976ca6bd2b4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 22, p 5404 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/22/5404/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15225404","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15225404","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15225404","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/22/5404/pdf?version=1700226439","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388775030.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1986478419","https://openalex.org/W2017778007","https://openalex.org/W2019857637","https://openalex.org/W2032366730","https://openalex.org/W2044927495","https://openalex.org/W2083904091","https://openalex.org/W2138331294","https://openalex.org/W2142679956","https://openalex.org/W2158611886","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2621042270","https://openalex.org/W2626060251","https://openalex.org/W2739377671","https://openalex.org/W2757678917","https://openalex.org/W2766771224","https://openalex.org/W2771817195","https://openalex.org/W2779393347","https://openalex.org/W2896628364","https://openalex.org/W2905865647","https://openalex.org/W2914863079","https://openalex.org/W2954537798","https://openalex.org/W2957558419","https://openalex.org/W2963583038","https://openalex.org/W2999409726","https://openalex.org/W3004800763","https://openalex.org/W3102002131","https://openalex.org/W3103699521","https://openalex.org/W3111423137","https://openalex.org/W3136138438","https://openalex.org/W3201275613","https://openalex.org/W4205534598","https://openalex.org/W4224256157","https://openalex.org/W4289792776","https://openalex.org/W4312642547","https://openalex.org/W4312683010","https://openalex.org/W4313525660","https://openalex.org/W4318818731","https://openalex.org/W4385248084","https://openalex.org/W6601497386","https://openalex.org/W6841542456","https://openalex.org/W6848487455"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2057250073","https://openalex.org/W2103011224","https://openalex.org/W2088291986","https://openalex.org/W1895196404","https://openalex.org/W2154228978","https://openalex.org/W1590893134","https://openalex.org/W2086035138","https://openalex.org/W2983603732","https://openalex.org/W2017804241","https://openalex.org/W3093110154"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,97,123,149,196],"the":[2,8,15,25,35,43,56,126,133,136,160,163,168,173,182,187,198,201,217,220],"lack":[3],"of":[4,17,30,162,172,184,200,210,219],"accurate":[5,48,80,105],"labels":[6,81,106],"for":[7,23,129],"airborne":[9,134,189],"synthetic":[10],"aperture":[11],"radar":[12,191],"altimeter":[13,192],"(SARAL),":[14],"use":[16],"deep":[18,115],"learning":[19,116],"methods":[20,207],"is":[21,68,94,118,139],"limited":[22],"estimating":[24],"above":[26],"ground":[27],"level":[28],"(AGL)":[29],"complicated":[31],"landforms.":[32],"In":[33,60,89,186],"addition,":[34],"inherent":[36],"additive":[37,110],"and":[38,104,112,120,153,170,213],"speckle":[39],"noise":[40],"definitely":[41],"influences":[42],"intended":[44],"delay/Doppler":[45],"map":[46],"(DDM);":[47],"AGL":[49,65],"estimation":[50,66],"becomes":[51],"more":[52],"challenging":[53],"when":[54],"using":[55],"feature":[57],"extraction":[58],"approach.":[59],"this":[61],"paper,":[62],"a":[63,72,85,91,99,142],"generalized":[64],"algorithm":[67],"proposed,":[69],"based":[70],"on":[71,132],"fully":[73,100],"supervised":[74],"altimetry":[75],"enhancement":[76],"network":[77,137,175],"(FuSAE-net),":[78],"where":[79],"are":[82,107,176],"generated":[83],"by":[84],"novel":[86],"semi-analytical":[87],"model.":[88],"such":[90],"case,":[92],"there":[93],"no":[95],"need":[96],"have":[98],"analytical":[101],"DDM":[102],"model,":[103],"achieved":[108],"without":[109],"noises":[111],"speckles.":[113],"Therefore,":[114],"supervision":[117,183],"easy":[119],"accurate.":[121],"Next,":[122],"further":[124],"decrease":[125],"computational":[127],"complexity":[128],"various":[130],"landforms":[131],"platform,":[135],"architecture":[138],"designed":[140],"in":[141,208],"lightweight":[143,155],"manner.":[144],"Knowledge":[145],"distillation":[146,180],"has":[147],"proven":[148],"be":[150],"an":[151],"effective":[152],"intuitive":[154],"paradigm.":[156],"To":[157],"significantly":[158],"improve":[159],"performance":[161,199],"compact":[164],"student":[165],"network,":[166],"both":[167,211],"encoder":[169],"decoder":[171],"teacher":[174],"utilized":[177],"during":[178],"knowledge":[179],"under":[181],"labels.":[185],"experiments,":[188],"raw":[190],"data":[193],"were":[194],"applied":[195],"examine":[197],"proposed":[202,221],"algorithm.":[203,222],"Comparisons":[204],"with":[205],"conventional":[206],"terms":[209],"qualitative":[212],"quantitative":[214],"aspects":[215],"demonstrate":[216],"superiority":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}