{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388765065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15225400","title":"NO2 Concentration Estimation at Urban Ground Level by Integrating Sentinel 5P Data and ERA5 Using Machine Learning: The Milan (Italy) Case Study","display_name":"NO2 Concentration Estimation at Urban Ground Level by Integrating Sentinel 5P Data and ERA5 Using Machine Learning: The Milan (Italy) Case Study","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388765065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15225400"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15225400","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15225400","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/22/5400/pdf?version=1700216415","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/22/5400/pdf?version=1700216415","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065395591","display_name":"Jesus Rodrigo Cedeno Jimenez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3736-808X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jesus Rodrigo Cedeno Jimenez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075778487","display_name":"Maria Antonia Brovelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3161-5561"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Antonia Brovelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065395591"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.7168,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82796135,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"22","first_page":"5400","last_page":"5400"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10075","display_name":"Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metropolitan-area","display_name":"Metropolitan area","score":0.8735213279724121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.7146698236465454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.6286723613739014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-quality-index","display_name":"Air quality index","score":0.5352073311805725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-level","display_name":"Ground level","score":0.4641624093055725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.4490981698036194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.4444621205329895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.42532992362976074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3684494197368622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.36205920577049255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.14307060837745667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-engineering","display_name":"Civil engineering","score":0.11822032928466797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07973447442054749}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158739034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907114","display_name":"Metropolitan area","level":2,"score":0.8735213279724121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7146698236465454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.6286723613739014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126314574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2364111","display_name":"Air quality index","level":2,"score":0.5352073311805725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017984891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5610943","display_name":"Ground level","level":3,"score":0.4641624093055725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.4490981698036194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.4444621205329895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.42532992362976074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3684494197368622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.36205920577049255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.14307060837745667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.11822032928466797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07973447442054749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992074223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831691","display_name":"Ground floor","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15225400","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15225400","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/22/5400/pdf?version=1700216415","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:863d5bb57eae49459932b59f877f3a15","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/863d5bb57eae49459932b59f877f3a15","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 22, p 5400 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/22/5400/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15225400","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15225400","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15225400","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/22/5400/pdf?version=1700216415","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388765065.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2092165785","https://openalex.org/W2513382179","https://openalex.org/W2894928132","https://openalex.org/W2908418060","https://openalex.org/W2922455135","https://openalex.org/W2945974461","https://openalex.org/W2949729041","https://openalex.org/W3025949386","https://openalex.org/W3099234522","https://openalex.org/W3161679347","https://openalex.org/W3201890964","https://openalex.org/W4210279278","https://openalex.org/W4288719830","https://openalex.org/W4295472519","https://openalex.org/W4303699306","https://openalex.org/W4313503765","https://openalex.org/W4313827912","https://openalex.org/W4323314692","https://openalex.org/W4366278933","https://openalex.org/W4382584149"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4212929323","https://openalex.org/W2045046253","https://openalex.org/W2000995042","https://openalex.org/W2494740635","https://openalex.org/W1632599465","https://openalex.org/W3177269507","https://openalex.org/W1563545158","https://openalex.org/W2091545482","https://openalex.org/W2379499532","https://openalex.org/W2115206115"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,92,147],"measurement":[1,116],"of":[2,145,153,164,182,188],"atmospheric":[3,28],"NO2":[4,78,138,183],"pollution":[5],"concentrations":[6,80],"has":[7],"become":[8],"a":[9,70,98],"critical":[10],"topic":[11],"due":[12],"to":[13,35,76,96,107,204,211],"its":[14],"impact":[15],"on":[16],"human":[17,63],"health.":[18],"Ground":[19],"sensors":[20,206],"are":[21],"the":[22,53,58,113,120,130,134,142,151,154,161,165,171,174,185],"most":[23,62],"popular":[24],"method":[25],"for":[26,101,133],"measuring":[27],"pollution,":[29],"but":[30,47],"they":[31],"can":[32,73],"be":[33,74],"expensive":[34],"purchase,":[36],"install,":[37],"and":[38,88,103,194],"maintain.":[39],"In":[40],"contrast,":[41],"satellite":[42,86,192],"technology":[43],"offers":[44],"global":[45],"coverage":[46],"typically":[48],"provides":[49],"concentration":[50],"estimates":[51],"at":[52,57],"tropospheric":[54],"level,":[55],"not":[56],"ground":[59,205],"level":[60],"where":[61],"activities":[64],"take":[65],"place.":[66],"This":[67,168,198],"work":[68,169,199],"presents":[69,200],"model":[71,155,181],"that":[72,150],"used":[75],"estimate":[77],"ground-level":[79],"in":[81,127,141,173,184],"metropolitan":[82],"areas":[83],"using":[84,190],"Sentinel-5P":[85],"images":[87],"ERA5":[89,195],"meteorological":[90,196],"data.":[91,197],"primary":[93],"goal":[94],"is":[95],"offer":[97],"cost-effective":[99],"solution":[100],"Low-":[102],"Medium-Income":[104],"Countries":[105],"(LMICs)":[106],"assess":[108,212],"air":[109,114,214],"quality,":[110],"thereby":[111],"addressing":[112],"quality":[115,215],"constraints.":[117],"To":[118],"validate":[119],"model\u2019s":[121],"accuracy,":[122],"study":[123],"points":[124],"were":[125],"selected":[126],"alignment":[128],"with":[129],"Regional":[131],"Agency":[132],"Environment":[135],"Protection":[136],"(ARPA)":[137],"sensor":[139],"network":[140],"Metropolitan":[143,186],"City":[144,187],"Milan.":[146],"results":[148],"showed":[149],"RMSE":[152],"estimations":[156],"was":[157],"significantly":[158],"lower":[159],"than":[160],"standard":[162],"deviation":[163],"real":[166],"measurements.":[167],"fills":[170],"gaps":[172],"literature":[175],"by":[176,207],"providing":[177],"an":[178,202],"accurate":[179],"estimation":[180],"Milan":[189],"both":[191],"data":[193],"as":[201],"alternative":[203],"enabling":[208],"more":[209],"regions":[210],"their":[213],"effectively.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}