{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388633726","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15225329","title":"A Generative Adversarial and Spatiotemporal Differential Fusion Method in Radar Echo Extrapolation","display_name":"A Generative Adversarial and Spatiotemporal Differential Fusion Method in Radar Echo Extrapolation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388633726","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15225329"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15225329","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15225329","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/22/5329/pdf?version=1699922901","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/22/5329/pdf?version=1699922901","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067680590","display_name":"Xianghua Niu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianghua Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100350694","display_name":"Lixia Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8742-4468"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108179","display_name":"Hebei Meteorological Bureau","ror":"https://ror.org/01s1s3g75","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108179"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lixia Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shijiazhuang Meteorological Bureau, Shijiazhuang 050081, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shijiazhuang Meteorological Bureau, Shijiazhuang 050081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108179"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119247351","display_name":"Chun\u2010Lin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7539-930X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunlin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","School of Computer and Software, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Software, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039825487","display_name":"Kailing Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6685-1850"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kailing Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","School of Computer and Software, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Software, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006971815","display_name":"Wei Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8113-3718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","School of Computer and Software, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Software, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084428542","display_name":"Bin Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1853-7570"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100350694"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108179"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.8344,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71357216,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"22","first_page":"5329","last_page":"5329"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extrapolation","display_name":"Extrapolation","score":0.773353099822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/echo","display_name":"Echo (communications protocol)","score":0.6963167786598206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6749863624572754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6411808133125305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminator","display_name":"Discriminator","score":0.5443785190582275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weather-radar","display_name":"Weather radar","score":0.5210987329483032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.48382940888404846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.4201239347457886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35909372568130493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.2555990219116211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1534111499786377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.07750830054283142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.06652593612670898}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132459708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744069","display_name":"Extrapolation","level":2,"score":0.773353099822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779426996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18389128","display_name":"Echo (communications protocol)","level":2,"score":0.6963167786598206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6749863624572754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6411808133125305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779803651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282088","display_name":"Discriminator","level":3,"score":0.5443785190582275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92237259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863343","display_name":"Weather radar","level":3,"score":0.5210987329483032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.48382940888404846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.4201239347457886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35909372568130493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2555990219116211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1534111499786377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.07750830054283142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.06652593612670898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15225329","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15225329","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/22/5329/pdf?version=1699922901","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b3d2d6641930495899f0df18b1fdb757","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b3d2d6641930495899f0df18b1fdb757","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 22, p 5329 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15225329","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15225329","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/22/5329/pdf?version=1699922901","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G321248615","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42075138","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3256866207","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFE0116900","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5412665680","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42175157","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6715505551","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFE0116900","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7727649948","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SKLGIE2020-M-4-2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326985","funder_display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8633030175","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4207513","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326985","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388633726.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1485009520","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W2016184960","https://openalex.org/W2058913535","https://openalex.org/W2134093296","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2594928006","https://openalex.org/W2625614184","https://openalex.org/W2739748921","https://openalex.org/W2765811365","https://openalex.org/W2768975186","https://openalex.org/W2769735038","https://openalex.org/W2796873224","https://openalex.org/W2802272138","https://openalex.org/W2808011586","https://openalex.org/W2890108942","https://openalex.org/W2936479764","https://openalex.org/W2963324990","https://openalex.org/W2965679379","https://openalex.org/W2967033144","https://openalex.org/W2972792628","https://openalex.org/W2978043874","https://openalex.org/W2989705138","https://openalex.org/W3009216045","https://openalex.org/W3015712396","https://openalex.org/W3041738371","https://openalex.org/W3094401231","https://openalex.org/W3104861085","https://openalex.org/W3118349806","https://openalex.org/W3164939772","https://openalex.org/W3168997536","https://openalex.org/W3184447318","https://openalex.org/W3207011416","https://openalex.org/W4200348065","https://openalex.org/W4214628975","https://openalex.org/W4295920190","https://openalex.org/W4310038336","https://openalex.org/W6628877408","https://openalex.org/W6728805014","https://openalex.org/W6739112683","https://openalex.org/W6745829810","https://openalex.org/W6770086194","https://openalex.org/W6785723781"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293202849","https://openalex.org/W1980965563","https://openalex.org/W1489300767","https://openalex.org/W4380714744","https://openalex.org/W2387995142","https://openalex.org/W4319453655","https://openalex.org/W2089959425","https://openalex.org/W2964074194","https://openalex.org/W2057775761","https://openalex.org/W2995777218"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"an":[1,11],"important":[2,12],"part":[3],"of":[4,36,48,122,133,142,197],"remote":[5],"sensing":[6],"data,":[7],"weather":[8,16,78,140,177],"radar":[9,25,38,50,124,154,206,221],"plays":[10],"role":[13],"in":[14,83,108],"convective":[15],"forecasts":[17],"to":[18,75,117],"reduce":[19],"extreme":[20],"precipitation":[21],"disasters.":[22],"The":[23,130,161,224,241],"existing":[24],"echo":[26,39,155,181,207,222],"extrapolation":[27,148],"methods":[28],"do":[29],"not":[30],"utilize":[31],"the":[32,37,45,49,96,127,204,219,228,232,237],"local":[33,77,176],"natural":[34],"characteristics":[35,47],"effectively":[40],"but":[41],"only":[42],"roughly":[43],"extract":[44,76],"whole":[46],"echo.":[51],"To":[52],"address":[53],"these":[54],"challenges,":[55],"we":[56],"design":[57],"a":[58,68,109,119,169],"spatiotemporal":[59,69,88,92],"difference":[60,70,89],"and":[61,80,91,159,179,194,200,236],"generative":[62,110],"adversarial":[63,111],"fusion":[64],"model":[65,81,97,105,167,190,212],"(STDGAN).":[66],"Specifically,":[67],"module":[71],"(STD)":[72],"is":[73,106],"designed":[74],"patterns":[79,178],"them":[82],"detail.":[84],"In":[85,102,209],"our":[86,104,166,211],"model,":[87],"information":[90],"features":[93],"captured":[94],"by":[95],"itself":[98],"are":[99],"fused":[100],"together.":[101],"addition,":[103,210],"trained":[107],"network":[112],"(GAN)":[113],"framework;":[114],"it":[115],"helps":[116],"generate":[118],"clearer":[120],"map":[121],"future":[123],"echoes":[125],"at":[126],"image":[128],"level.":[129],"discriminator":[131],"consists":[132],"multi-scale":[134],"feature":[135],"extractors,":[136],"which":[137],"can":[138],"simulate":[139],"models":[141],"various":[143],"scales":[144],"more":[145,170],"completely.":[146],"Finally,":[147],"experiments":[149,162],"were":[150],"conducted":[151],"using":[152],"actual":[153],"data":[156],"from":[157],"Shijiazhuang":[158,205],"Nanjing.":[160],"have":[163],"shown":[164],"that":[165,227],"has":[168],"accurate":[171],"prediction":[172],"performance":[173,216],"for":[174],"predicting":[175],"overall":[180],"change":[182],"trajectories":[183],"compared":[184],"with":[185],"previous":[186],"research":[187],"models.":[188],"Our":[189],"achieved":[191],"MSE,":[192],"PSNE,":[193],"SSIM":[195,238],"values":[196],"132.22,":[198],"37.87,":[199],"0.796,":[201],"respectively,":[202],"on":[203,218],"dataset.":[208,223],"also":[213],"showed":[214],"better":[215],"results":[217,225],"Nanjing":[220],"show":[226],"MSE":[229],"was":[230,234,239,244],"49.570,":[231],"PSNR":[233],"0.714,":[235],"30.633.":[240],"CC":[242],"value":[243],"0.855.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-19T08:26:33.389920","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}